Indonesia

Broadcast media

mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)

Internet country code

.id

Internet users

total: 65,525,226 | percent of population: 25.4% (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 14

Telephone system

general assessment: domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good | domestic: coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly | international: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 10,372,912 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 11

Telephones - mobile cellular

total: 385,573,398 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 149 (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 4

Agriculture - products

rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices

Budget

revenues: $116.9 billion | expenditures: $140.1 billion (2016 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.5% of GDP (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 103

Central bank discount rate

6.37% (31 December 2010) | 6.46% (31 December 2009) | note: this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; the Bank of Indonesia has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010 | country comparison to the world: 65

Commercial bank prime lending rate

11.89% (31 December 2016 est.) | 12.66% (31 December 2015 est.) | note: these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans | country comparison to the world: 68

Current account balance

$-16.77 billion (2016 est.) | $-17.52 billion (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 189

Debt - external

$316.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $308.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 33

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.8 (2009) | 39.4 (2005) | country comparison to the world: 81

Economy - overview

Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has seen a slowdown in growth since 2012, mostly due to the end of the commodities export boom. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia’s annual budget deficit is capped at 3% of GDP, and the Government of Indonesia lowered its debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of 100% shortly after the Asian financial crisis in 1999 to less than 27 percent today. While Fitch and Moody's Investors upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade in December 2011, Standard & Poor’s has yet to raise Indonesia’s rating to this status amid several constraints to foreign direct investment in the country, such as a high level of protectionism. | Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among its regions. President Joko WIDODO - elected in July 2014 – seeks to develop Indonesia’s maritime resources and pursue other infrastructure development, including significantly increasing its electrical power generation capacity. Fuel subsidies were significantly reduced in early 2015, a move which has helped the government redirect its spending to development priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other ASEAN members, will continue to move towards participation in the ASEAN Economic Community, though full implementation of economic integration has not yet materialized.

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - | 13,483 (2016 est.) | 13,389.4 (2015 est.) | 13,389.4 (2014 est.) | 11,865.2 (2013 est.) | 9,386.63 (2012 est.)

Exports

$144.4 billion (2016 est.) | $149.1 billion (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 32

Exports - commodities

mineral fuels, animal or vegetable fats (includes palm oil), electrical machinery, rubber, machinery and mechanical appliance parts

Exports - partners

China 11.6%, US 11.2%, Japan 11.1%, Singapore 7.8%, India 7%, Malaysia 4.9%, South Korea 4.8% (2016)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$932.4 billion (2016 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$3.031 trillion (2016 est.) | $2.85 trillion (2015 est.) | $2.688 trillion (2014 est.) | note: data are in 2016 dollars | country comparison to the world: 9

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 57.7% | government consumption: 9.5% | investment in fixed capital: 32.6% | investment in inventories: -0.5% | exports of goods and services: 19.1% | imports of goods and services: -18.3% (2016 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 14% | industry: 40.8% | services: 45.3% (2016 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$11,700 (2016 est.) | $11,300 (2015 est.) | $10,900 (2014 est.) | note: data are in 2016 dollars | country comparison to the world: 129

GDP - real growth rate

5% (2016 est.) | 4.9% (2015 est.) | 5% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 39

Gross national saving

32.5% of GDP (2016 est.) | 32.1% of GDP (2015 est.) | 31.5% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 22

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.4% | highest 10%: 28.2% (2010)

Imports

$129 billion (2016 est.) | $135.1 billion (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 31

Imports - commodities

mineral fuels, boilers, machinery, and mechanical parts, electric machinery, iron and steel, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

China 22.9%, Singapore 10.8%, Japan 9.6%, Thailand 6.4%, US 5.4%, Malaysia 5.4%, South Korea 5% (2016)

Industrial production growth rate

3.9% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 62

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.5% (2016 est.) | 6.4% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 150

Labor force

125.4 million (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 5

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 32% | industry: 21% | services: 47% (2016 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$428.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $353.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $422.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 23

Population below poverty line

10.9% (2016 est.)

Public debt

31.5% of GDP (2016 est.) | 29.4% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 156

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$116.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $105.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 21

Stock of broad money

$372.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $329.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 26

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$18.42 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $30.17 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 53

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$229.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $224.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 26

Stock of domestic credit

$397.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $354.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 28

Stock of narrow money

$92.11 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $76.51 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 38

Taxes and other revenues

12.5% of GDP (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 204

Unemployment rate

5.6% (2016 est.) | 6.2% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 74

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

442 million Mt (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 16

Crude oil - exports

289,300 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 26

Crude oil - imports

507,900 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 18

Crude oil - production

831,100 bbl/day (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 24

Crude oil - proved reserves

3.23 billion bbl (1 January 2017 es) | country comparison to the world: 30

Electricity - consumption

199.3 billion kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 22

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 150

Electricity - from fossil fuels

85.1% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 76

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

9.4% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 120

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 111

Electricity - from other renewable sources

5.9% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 89

Electricity - imports

13 million kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 112

Electricity - installed generating capacity

57.35 million kW (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 20

Electricity - production

221.3 billion kWh (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 22

Electricity access

population without electricity: 48,700,000 | electrification - total population: 81% | electrification - urban areas: 94% | electrification - rural areas: 66% (2013)

Natural gas - consumption

53.15 billion cu m (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 21

Natural gas - exports

30.29 billion cu m (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 13

Natural gas - imports

1.8 billion cu m (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 52

Natural gas - production

72.8 billion cu m (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 12

Natural gas - proved reserves

2.775 trillion cu m (1 January 2017 es) | country comparison to the world: 14

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1.708 million bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 14

Refined petroleum products - exports

98,780 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 42

Refined petroleum products - imports

668,500 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 12

Refined petroleum products - production

990,700 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 21

Area

total: 1,904,569 sq km | land: 1,811,569 sq km | water: 93,000 sq km | country comparison to the world: 16

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation

mean elevation: 367 m | elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m | highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean; despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

Irrigated land

67,220 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 2,958 km | border countries (3): Malaysia 1,881 km, Papua New Guinea 824 km, Timor-Leste 253 km

Land use

agricultural land: 31.2% | arable land 13%; permanent crops 12.1%; permanent pasture 6.1% | forest: 51.7% | other: 17.1% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines | territorial sea: 12 nm | exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires | volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Population - distribution

major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Administrative divisions

31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta** | note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital

name: Jakarta | geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E | time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | note: Indonesia has three time zones

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia | dual citizenship recognized: no | residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years

Constitution

drafted July to August 1945, effective 17 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions, 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959; amended several times, last in 2002; note - an amendment on "national character building and national consciousness awareness" was pending parliamentary review in early 2016 (2016)

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia | conventional short form: Indonesia | local long form: Republik Indonesia | local short form: Indonesia | former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies | etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph R. DONOVAN, Jr. (since 12 January 2017) | embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110 | mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 | telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000 | FAX: [62] (21) 386-2259 | consulate general: Surabaya | consulate: Medan

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Budi BOWOLEKSONO (since 21 May 2014) | chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 | telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 | FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 | consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Executive branch

chief of state: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government | head of government: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014) | cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president | elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 July 2014 (next to be held in 2019) | election results: Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.2%, PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 46.8%

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity | note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges) | judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 | subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Legal system

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Legislative branch

description: bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of the Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (132 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 33 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (560 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Council has no legislative authority | elections: last held on 9 April 2014 (next to be held in 2019) | election results: Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19.0%, Golkar 14.8%, Gerindra 11.8%, PD 10.2%, PKB 9.0%, PAN 2.6%, PKS 6.8%, NasDem 6.7%, PPP 6.5%, Hanura 5.3%, other 7.9%; seats by party - PDI-P 109, Golkar 91, Gerindra 73, PD 61, PAN 48, PKB 47, PKS 40, PPP 39, NasDem 36, Hanura 16

National anthem

name: "Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia) | lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN | note: adopted 1945

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

National symbol(s)

garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white

Political parties and leaders

Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO] | Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Setya NOVANTO] | Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo] | Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri] | National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR] | National Democratic Party or Nasdem [Surya PALOH] | National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN] | People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO] | Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Muhammad Sohibul IMAN] | United Development Party or PPP [Muhammad ROMAHURMUZIY]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS | Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW | Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Maritime threats

the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; attacks declined dramatically from 108 incidents in 2015 to 49 in 2016, although Indonesian waters remained the most dangerous in the world; in 2016, 45 commercial vessels were boarded and one hijacked; during 2016 37 crew members were taken hostage; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; Indonesia remains the most dangerous area during the first half of 2017 with more than 20% of all incidents reported world-wide

Military branches

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2013)

Military expenditures

0.88% of GDP (2016) | 0.89% of GDP (2015) | 0.78% of GDP (2014) | 0.92% of GDP (2013) | 0.71% of GDP (2012) | country comparison to the world: 116

Military service age and obligation

18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 25.02% (male 33,205,805/female 31,994,844) | 15-24 years: 16.99% (male 22,537,842/female 21,738,210) | 25-54 years: 42.4% (male 56,493,414/female 53,980,979) | 55-64 years: 8.58% (male 10,192,430/female 12,177,931) | 65 years and over: 7.01% (male 7,954,795/female 10,304,489) (2017 est.)

Birth rate

16.2 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 113

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.9% (2013) | country comparison to the world: 31

Contraceptive prevalence rate

61.1% (2015)

Death rate

6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 145

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 49.2 | youth dependency ratio: 41.6 | elderly dependency ratio: 7.6 | potential support ratio: 13.2 (2015 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 94.2% of population | rural: 79.5% of population | total: 87.4% of population | urban: 5.8% of population | rural: 20.5% of population | total: 12.6% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

3.3% of GDP (2014) | country comparison to the world: 143

Ethnic groups

Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.4% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 68

HIV/AIDS - deaths

38,000 (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 5

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

620,000 (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 13

Health expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2014) | country comparison to the world: 184

Hospital bed density

0.9 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate

total: 22.7 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 26.6 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 18.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 71

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese) | note: more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 73 years | male: 70.4 years | female: 75.7 years (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 143

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write | total population: 95.4% | male: 97.2% | female: 93.6% (2016 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever | vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria (2016)

Major urban areas - population

JAKARTA (capital) 10.323 million; Surabaya 2.853 million; Bandung 2.544 million; Medan 2.204 million; Semarang 1.63 million; Makassar 1.489 million (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

126 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 67

Median age

total: 30.2 years | male: 29.6 years | female: 30.8 years (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 117

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.8 years | note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s) | adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate

-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 140

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.9% (2016) | country comparison to the world: 162

Physicians density

0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

Population

260,580,739 (July 2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 4

Population distribution

major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Population growth rate

0.86% (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 124

Religions

Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 72.3% of population | rural: 47.5% of population | total: 60.8% of population | urban: 27.7% of population | rural: 52.5% of population | total: 39.2% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 13 years | male: 13 years | female: 13 years (2014)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female | total population: 1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.11 children born/woman (2017 est.) | country comparison to the world: 105

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 22.6% | male: 22.3% | female: 23.1% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 49

Urbanization

urban population: 55.2% of total population (2017) | rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Disputes - international

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy; President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions, particularly of foreign drug traffickers

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs: 7,100 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2012 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2016) (2011)

Airports

673 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 10

Airports - with paved runways

total: 186 | over 3,047 m: 5 | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 51 | 914 to 1,523 m: 72 | under 914 m: 37 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 487 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 | 914 to 1,523 m: 23 | under 914 m: 460 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

PK (2016)

Heliports

76 (2013)

Merchant marine

total: 1,340 | by type: bulk carrier 105, cargo 618, chemical tanker 69, container 120, liquefied gas 28, passenger 49, passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 11 | foreign-owned: 69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8, Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, UK 2, US 2) | registered in other countries: 95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010) | country comparison to the world: 8

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 29 | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 550 | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 88,685,767 | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 747,473,207 mt-km (2015)

Pipelines

condensate 1,064 km; condensate/gas 150 km; gas 11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas 119 km; oil 7,767 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 728 km; unknown 53 km; water 44 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok | container port(s) (TEUs): Belawan (1,197,000), Tanjung Priok (5,154,000) (2015) | LNG terminal(s) (export): Bontang, Tangguh | LNG terminal(s) (import): Arun, Lampung, West Java

Railways

total: 8,159 km | narrow gauge: 8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) | note: 4,816 km operational (2014) | country comparison to the world: 27

Roadways

total: 496,607 km | paved: 283,102 km | unpaved: 213,505 km (2011) | country comparison to the world: 14

Waterways

21,579 km (2011) | country comparison to the world: 7