Indonesia

Radio broadcast stations

AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0

Radios

28.1 million (1992 est.)

Telephone system

domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones

1,276,600 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations

9

Televisions

11.5 million (1992 est.)

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget

revenues: $41.5 billion expenditures: $41.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $16 billion (FY97/98 est.)

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Debt - external

$110 billion (yearend 1996 est.)

Economic aid

recipient: ODA, $5.5 billion (FY97/98 est.)

Economy - overview

Indonesia's sound macroeconomic management, combined with an emphasis on rapid deregulation and encouragement of private investment resulted in real GDP growth in 1991-96 averaging about 7%. This was impressive, but not sufficient to cut underemployment while absorbing the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Foreign investment has boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years. The economy's growth is driven by continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output is based on diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Growth in 1996 was led by industry, transport, and tourism. Strong growth should continue in 1997 assuming no sharp rise in political uncertainty.

Electricity - capacity

16.27 million kW (1994)

Electricity - consumption per capita

276 kWh (1995 est.)

Electricity - production

58.31 billion kWh (1994)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,393.0 (January 1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992)

Exports

total value: $49.8 billion (f.o.b., 1996) commodities: manufactures 51.9%, fuels 26.4%, foodstuffs 12.7%, raw materials 9.0% partners: Japan 27.1%, US 13.9%, Singapore 8.3%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 3.9%, China 3.8%, Hong Kong 3.6% (1995)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

GDP

purchasing power parity - $779.7 billion (1996 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture : 17% industry: 42% services: 41% (1995 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $3,770 (1996 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

7% (1996 est.)

Imports

total value : $42.9 billion (f.o.b., 1996) commodities: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7% partners: Japan 22.7%, US 11.7%, Germany 6.9%, South Korea 6.0%, Singapore 5.8%, Australia 5.0%, Taiwan 4.5% (1995)

Industrial production growth rate

13.9% (1995 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber; tourism

Inflation rate - consumer price index

7% (1996 est.)

Labor force

total: 67 million by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3%, other 28% (1985 est.)

Unemployment rate

3% official rate; underemployment 40% (1994 est.)

Area

total : 1,919,440 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land

45,970 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries

total: 2,602 km border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use

arable land: 10% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 7% forests and woodland : 62% other: 14% (1993 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone : 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form : Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Data code

ID

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520 telephone : [62] (21) 344-2211

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch

chief of state: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet elections: president and vice president elected by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 11 March 1993 (next to be held NA March 1998) election results : Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO elected president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO elected vice president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general : Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

FAX

[62] (21) 386-2259 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type

republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

International organization participation

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, Mekong Group, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UNTAES, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 400 elected by popular vote, 100 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms; note - beginning with the elections in May 1997, the composition of the DPR will change to 425 elected representatives and 75 appointed representatives) elections: last held 8 June 1992 (next scheduled for 29 May 1997) election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats by party - Golkar 282, PPP 62, PDI 56 note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

National capital

Jakarta

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties and leaders

Golkar (de facto ruling political party based on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERJADI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Military branches

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$3.3 billion (FY97/98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

1.3% (FY97/98)

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 58,556,503 (1997 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males: 34,439,340 (1997 est.)

Military manpower - military age

18 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually

males: 2,295,832 (1997 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years : 31% (male 33,313,149; female 32,367,905) 15-64 years: 65% (male 67,824,993; female 68,226,617) 65 years and over: 4% (male 3,557,886; female 4,483,588) (July 1997 est.)

Birth rate

23.39 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)

Death rate

8.3 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)

Ethnic groups

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Infant mortality rate

61.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 62.06 years male: 59.89 years female: 64.34 years (1997 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)

Population

209,774,138 (July 1997 est.)

Population growth rate

1.51% (1997 est.)

Religions

Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years : 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (1997 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.66 children born/woman (1997 est.)

Disputes - international

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin IRAN

Airports

413 (1996 est.)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 386 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 36 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m : 297 (1996 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 27 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 23 (1996 est.)

Heliports

4 (1996 est.)

Highways

total : 378,000 km paved: 171,990 km unpaved: 206,010 km (1995 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 465 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,185,353 GRT/3,191,792 DWT ships by type: bulk 30, cargo 267, chemical tanker 8, container 9, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 102, passenger 6, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 8, short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4 (1996 est.)

Pipelines

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports and harbors

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang

Railways

total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Waterways

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km