Indonesia

Broadcast media

mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately-operated (2008)

Internet country code

.id

Internet hosts

1.344 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 42

Internet users

20 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 22

Telephone system

general assessment: domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good domestic: coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly international: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

38.618 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 8

Telephones - mobile cellular

249.8 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 4

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (manioc), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget

revenues: $139.2 billion expenditures: $160.6 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Central bank discount rate

6.37% (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 57 6.46% (31 December 2009) note: this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; the Bank of Indonesia has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010

Commercial bank prime lending rate

11.9% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 68 12.4% (31 December 2011 est.) note: these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans

Current account balance

-$20.73 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 182 $2.069 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$187.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 $190.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.8 (2009) country comparison to the world: 78 39.4 (2005)

Economy - overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, grew an estimated 6.1% and 6.4% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The government made economic advances under the first administration of President YUDHOYONO (2004-09), introducing significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market development and supervision. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth in 2009. The government has promoted fiscally conservative policies, resulting in a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 25%, a fiscal deficit below 3%, and historically low rates of inflation. Fitch and Moody's upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade in December 2011. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The government in 2013 faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia's insufficient infrastructure to remove impediments to economic growth, labor unrest over wages, and reducing its fuel subsidy program in the face of high oil prices.

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,348.3 (2012 est.) 8,770.43 (2011 est.) 9,090.4 (2010 est.) 10,389.9 (2009) 9,698.9 (2008)

Exports

$199.1 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 27 $201.5 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners

Japan 16.6%, China 11.3%, Singapore 9.1%, US 8.1%, South Korea 8.1%, India 6.6%, Malaysia 5.4% (2011)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$894.9 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.212 trillion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 16 $1.143 trillion (2011 est.) $1.074 trillion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 14.3% industry: 46.9% services: 38.8% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$5,000 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 155 $4,700 (2011 est.) $4,500 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

6% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 40 6.5% (2011 est.) 6.2% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 29.9% (2009)

Imports

$185 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 28 $166.1 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

China 14.8%, Singapore 14.6%, Japan 11%, South Korea 7.3%, US 6.1%, Thailand 5.9%, Malaysia 5.9% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

4.1% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 77

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 131 5.4% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

33.6% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 13

Labor force

119.5 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 5

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 38.3% industry: 12.8% services: 48.9% (2010 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$390.1 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 24 $360.4 billion (31 December 2010) $178.2 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line

12.5% (2011 est.)

Public debt

24.8% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 121 24.1% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$104.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 21 $110.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$355.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 $317.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$48.57 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 35 $40.57 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$125.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 $104.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$323 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 34 $307.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$90.24 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 37 $79.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

15.6% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 184

Unemployment rate

6.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71 6.6% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

389.4 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Crude oil - exports

293,100 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Crude oil - imports

324,900 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Crude oil - production

982,900 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 22

Crude oil - proved reserves

4 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 29

Electricity - consumption

131.5 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 25

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 209

Electricity - from fossil fuels

81.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

14.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 109

Electricity - from other renewable sources

3.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 44

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 200

Electricity - installed generating capacity

32.8 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Electricity - production

156 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 24

Natural gas - consumption

41.35 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Natural gas - exports

41.25 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 210

Natural gas - production

82.8 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Natural gas - proved reserves

3.994 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1.322 million bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Refined petroleum products - exports

142,400 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 39

Refined petroleum products - imports

407,700 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 14

Refined petroleum products - production

935,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 22

Area

total: 1,904,569 sq km country comparison to the world: 15 land: 1,811,569 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%) per capita: 372 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land

67,220 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 2,830 km border countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use

arable land: 11.03% permanent crops: 7.04% other: 81.93% (2005)

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Total renewable water resources

2,838 cu km (1999)

Administrative divisions

30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta* note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital

name: Jakarta geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones

Constitution

August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Scot A. MARCIEL embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000 FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189 consulate general: Surabaya presence post: Medan consular agent: Bali

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Dino Patti DJALAL chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Executive branch

chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type

republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (declared); 27 December 1949 (recognized by the Netherlands); note - in August 2005 the Netherlands announced that it had recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006; anti-corruption courts have jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission

Legal system

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Legislative branch

People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house; it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members, four from each of Indonesia's 30 provinces, two special regions, and one special capital city district) elections: last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17 note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

National anthem

name: "Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia) lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN note: adopted 1945

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

National symbol(s)

garuda (mythical bird)

Political parties and leaders

Democrat Party or PD [Anas URBANINGRUM]; Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]; Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA]; People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Luthfi Hasan ISHAQ]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS; Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW; Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI; Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; People's Democracy Fortress or Bendera

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. After decades of repressive rule, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 65,847,171 females age 16-49: 63,228,017 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 54,264,299 females age 16-49: 53,274,361 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 2,263,892 female: 2,191,267 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2011)

Military expenditures

3% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)

Age structure

0-14 years: 27% (male 34,224,282/ female 33,022,222) 15-64 years: 66.6% (male 83,194,042/ female 82,385,050) 65 years and over: 6.4% (male 6,926,153/ female 8,893,259) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

17.7 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.6% (2007) country comparison to the world: 38

Death rate

6.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 155

Education expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 139

Ethnic groups

Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 98

HIV/AIDS - deaths

8,300 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

310,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Health expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 127

Hospital bed density

0.6 beds/1,000 population (2002)

Infant mortality rate

total: 27 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 72 male: 31.5 deaths/1,000 live births female: 22.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 71.62 years country comparison to the world: 136 male: 69.07 years female: 74.29 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.4% male: 94% female: 86.8% (2004 est.)

Major cities - population

JAKARTA (capital) 9.121 million; Surabaya 2.509 million; Bandung 2.412 million; Medan 2.131 million; Semarang 1.296 million (2009)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

220 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 51

Median age

total: 28.5 years male: 28 years female: 29.1 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate

-1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.4% (2001) country comparison to the world: 67

Physicians density

0.288 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Population

248,645,008 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 4

Population growth rate

1.03% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 112

Religions

Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 67% of population rural: 36% of population total: 52% of population unimproved: urban: 33% of population rural: 64% of population total: 48% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 13 years male: 13 years female: 13 years (2009)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.23 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 22.2% country comparison to the world: 41 male: 21.6% female: 23% (2009)

Urbanization

urban population: 44% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches ; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs: 180,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2011)

Airports

676 (2012) country comparison to the world: 10

Airports - with paved runways

total: 185 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 22 1,524 to 2,437 m: 51 914 to 1,523 m: 71 under 914 m: 37 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 491 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 24 under 914 m: 462 (2012)

Heliports

76 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 1,340 country comparison to the world: 8 by type: bulk carrier 105, cargo 618, chemical tanker 69, container 120, liquefied gas 28, passenger 49, passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 11 foreign-owned: 69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8, Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, UK 2, US 2) registered in other countries: 95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010)

Pipelines

condensate 812 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 7,165 km; oil 5,984 km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 617 km; water 44 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Railways

total: 5,042 km country comparison to the world: 35 narrow gauge: 5,042 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways

total: 437,759 km country comparison to the world: 14 paved: 258,744 km unpaved: 179,015 km (2008)

Transportation - note

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; 2010 saw the highest levels of armed robbery against ships since 2007; 40 commercial vessels were attacked, boarded, or hijacked both at anchor or while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift

Waterways

21,579 km (2011) country comparison to the world: 6