Namibia

Broadcast media

1 private and 1 state-run TV station; satellite and cable TV service available; state-run radio service broadcasts in multiple languages; about a dozen private radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2007)

Internet country code

.na

Internet users

total: 493,000 | percent of population: 22.3% (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 140

Telephone system

general assessment: good system; core fiber-optic network links most centers with digital connections | domestic: multiple mobile-cellular providers with a combined subscribership of about 110 telephones per 100 persons | international: country code - 264; fiber-optic cable to South Africa, microwave radio relay link to Botswana, direct links to other neighboring countries; connected to the South African Far East submarine cable through South Africa; connected to the West Africa Cable System, an ultra-high capacity fiber-optic submarine cable linking southern and western African countries to Europe; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 182,507 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8 (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 128

Telephones - mobile cellular

total: 2.443 million | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 110 (July 2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 143

Agriculture - products

millet, sorghum, peanuts, grapes; livestock; fish

Budget

revenues: $4.553 billion | expenditures: $5.258 billion (2015 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-5.5% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 175

Central bank discount rate

6.75% (17 February 2016) | 6.5% (31 December 2015) | country comparison to the world: 49

Commercial bank prime lending rate

7.41% (17 February 2016 est.) | 8.7% (31 December 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 113

Current account balance

-$1.253 billion (2015 est.) | -$1.12 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 138

Debt - external

$6.124 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $5.829 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 123

Distribution of family income - Gini index

59.7 (2010) | 70.7 (2003) | country comparison to the world: 7

Economy - overview

The economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and processing of minerals for export. Mining accounts for 11.5% of GDP, but provides more than 50% of foreign exchange earnings. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Marine diamond mining is increasingly important as the terrestrial diamond supply has dwindled. The rising cost of mining diamonds, increasingly from the sea, combined with increased diamond production in Russia and China, has reduced profit margins. Namibian authorities have emphasized the need to add value to raw materials, do more in-country manufacturing, and exploit the services market, especially in the logistics and transportation sectors. | Namibia is the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. The Chinese owned Husab uranium mine in expected to start producing uranium ore in 2017. Once the Husab mine reaches full production, Namibia is expected to become the world’s second-largest producer of uranium. Namibia also produces large quantities of zinc and is a smaller producer of gold and copper. The mining and quarrying sectors employ 2% of the population. Namibia's economy remains vulnerable to world commodity price fluctuations, and drought. | Namibia normally imports about 50% of its cereal requirements; in drought years food shortages can be a problem in rural areas. A high per capita GDP, relative to the region, hides one of the world's most unequal income distributions. A priority of the current government is poverty eradication. | A five-year, Millennium Challenge Corporation compact ended in September 2014. As an upper middle income country, Namibia is ineligible for a second compact. The Namibian economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar pegged one-to-one to the South African rand. Namibia receives 30%-40% of its revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Volatility in the size of Namibia's annual SACU allotment complicates budget planning.

Exchange rates

Namibian dollars (NAD) per US dollar - | 12.7589 (2015 est.) | 10.8526 (2014 est.) | 10.8526 (2013 est.) | 8.2 (2012 est.) | 7.2597 (2011 est.)

Exports

$4.015 billion (2015 est.) | $4.612 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 113

Exports - commodities

diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle, white fish and mollusks

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

GDP (official exchange rate)

$12.83 billion (2015 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$25.34 billion (2015 est.) | $24.25 billion (2014 est.) | $22.8 billion (2013 est.) | note: data are in 2015 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 136

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 62.8% | government consumption: 26.9% | investment in fixed capital: 33.4% | investment in inventories: 0.6% | exports of goods and services: 43.9% | imports of goods and services: -67.6% (2015 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 5.9% | industry: 29% | services: 65.1% (2015 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$11,400 (2015 est.) | $11,000 (2014 est.) | $10,500 (2013 est.) | note: data are in 2015 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 130

GDP - real growth rate

4.5% (2015 est.) | 6.4% (2014 est.) | 5.7% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 38

Gross national saving

19.9% of GDP (2015 est.) | 24.1% of GDP (2014 est.) | 20% of GDP (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 77

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.4% | highest 10%: 42% (2010)

Imports

$6.914 billion (2015 est.) | $7.191 billion (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 113

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Industrial production growth rate

5.1% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 40

Industries

meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, pasta, beverages; mining (diamonds, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.4% (2015 est.) | 5.3% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 146

Labor force

1.188 million (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 138

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 31% | industry: 14% | services: 54% | note: about half of Namibia's people are unemployed while about two-thirds live in rural areas; roughly two-thirds of rural dwellers rely on subsistence agriculture (2013 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$1.305 billion (31 December 2012 est.) | $1.152 billion (31 December 2011 est.) | $1.176 billion (31 December 2010 est.) | country comparison to the world: 103

Population below poverty line

28.7% (2010 est.)

Public debt

34.1% of GDP (2015 est.) | 24% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 131

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.69 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $1.177 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 125

Stock of broad money

$7.496 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | $6.574 billion (31 December 2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 117

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$NA

Stock of domestic credit

$4.904 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $6.655 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 125

Stock of narrow money

$2.583 billion (31 December 2015 est.) | $3.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 118

Taxes and other revenues

35.5% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 60

Unemployment rate

28.1% (2014 est.) | 29.6% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 184

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

4 million Mt (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 136

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 208

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 147

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 208

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2016 es) | country comparison to the world: 209

Electricity - consumption

3.7 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 124

Electricity - exports

84 million kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 79

Electricity - from fossil fuels

31.8% of total installed capacity (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 179

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

68.2% of total installed capacity (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 25

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 207

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 142

Electricity - imports

2.9 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 54

Electricity - installed generating capacity

500,000 kW (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 122

Electricity - production

1.5 billion kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 141

Electricity access

population without electricity: 1,600,000 | electrification - total population: 32% | electrification - urban areas: 50% | electrification - rural areas: 17% (2013)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 209

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 210

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 79

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 146

Natural gas - proved reserves

62.29 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es) | country comparison to the world: 61

Refined petroleum products - consumption

24,000 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 126

Refined petroleum products - exports

79.56 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 147

Refined petroleum products - imports

23,400 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 107

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 145

Area

total: 824,292 sq km | land: 823,290 sq km | water: 1,002 sq km | country comparison to the world: 34

Area - comparative

slightly more than half the size of Alaska

Climate

desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Coastline

1,572 km

Elevation

mean elevation: 1,141 m | elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m | highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m

Environment - current issues

limited natural freshwater resources; desertification; wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

Environment - international agreements

party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

22 00 S, 17 00 E

Geography - note

first country in the world to incorporate the protection of the environment into its constitution; some 14% of the land is protected, including virtually the entire Namib Desert coastal strip

Irrigated land

80 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 4,220 km | border countries (4): Angola 1,427 km, Botswana 1,544 km, South Africa 1,005 km, Zambia 244 km

Land use

agricultural land: 47.2% | arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 46.2% | forest: 8.8% | other: 44% (2011 est.)

Location

Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and South Africa

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm | contiguous zone: 24 nm | exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards

prolonged periods of drought

Natural resources

diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, silver, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, tungsten, zinc, salt, hydropower, fish | note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore

Terrain

mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east

Administrative divisions

14 regions; Erongo, Hardap, //Karas, Kavango East, Kavango West, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa, Zambezi; note - the Karas Region was renamed //Karas in September 2013 to include the alveolar lateral click of the Khoekhoegowab language

Capital

name: Windhoek | geographic coordinates: 22 34 S, 17 05 E | time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Namibia | dual citizenship recognized: no | residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

drafted 9 February 1990, signed 16 March 1990, entered into force 21 March 1990; amended 1998, 2010, 2014 (2016)

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Namibia | conventional short form: Namibia | local long form: Republic of Namibia | local short form: Namibia | former: German South-West Africa (Deutsch Suedwest Afrika), South-West Africa | etymology: named for the coastal Namib Desert; the name "namib" means "vast place" in the Nama/Damara language

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas Frederick DAUGHTON (since 6 October 2014) | embassy: 14 Lossen Street, Windhoek | mailing address: Private Bag 12029 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek | telephone: [264] (61) 295-8500 | FAX: [264] (61) 295-8603

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Martin ANDJABA (since 3 September 2010) | chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 | telephone: [1] (202) 986-0540 | FAX: [1] (202) 986-0443

Executive branch

chief of state: President Hage GEINGOB (since 21 March 2015); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government | head of government: President Hage GEINGOB (since 21 March 2015); Prime Minister Saara KUUGONGELWA-AMADHILA (since 21 March 2015) | cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among members of the National Assembly | elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 November 2014 (next to be held in November 2019) | election results: Hage GEINGOB elected president; percent of vote - Hage GEINGOB (SWAPO) 86.7%, McHenry VENAANI (DTA) 5.0%, Hidipo HAMUTENYA (RDP) 3.4%, Asser MBAI (NUDO)1.9%, Henk MUDGE (RP) 1.0%, other 2.0%

Flag description

a wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a yellow, 12-rayed sunburst; the lower fly-side triangle is green; red signifies the heroism of the people and their determination to build a future of equal opportunity for all; white stands for peace, unity, tranquility, and harmony; blue represents the Namibian sky and the Atlantic Ocean, the country's precious water resources and rain; the yellow sun denotes power and existence; green symbolizes vegetation and agricultural resources

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, CPLP (associate observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and at least 3 judges in quorum sessions) | judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president of Namibia upon the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission; judges serve until age 65 but can be extended by the president until age 70 | subordinate courts: High Court; Labor Court; regional and district magistrates' courts; community courts

Legal system

mixed legal system of uncodified civil law based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law

Legislative branch

description: bicameral Parliament consists of the National Assembly (104 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 8 nonvoting members appointed by the president) and the National Council, which primarily reviews legislation passed and referred by the National Assembly (26 seats (to be expanded to 42 in 2016); members indirectly elected 2 each by the 13 regional councils to serve 5-year terms) | elections: National Council - elections for regional councils to determine members of the National Council held on 27 November 2015 (next to be held in November 2020); National Assembly - last held on 28 November 2014 (next to be held in November 2019) | election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SWAPO 40, NUDO 1, DTA 1; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SWAPO 80.0%, DTA 4.8%, RDP 3.5%, APP 2.3%, UDF 2.1%, NUDO 2.0%, CPN 1.5%, other 3.8%; seats by party - SWAPO 77, DTA 5, RDP 3, APP 2, UDF 2, NUDO 2, CPN 2, SWANU 1, UPM 1, RP 1

National anthem

name: "Namibia, Land of the Brave" | lyrics/music: Axali DOESEB | note: adopted 1991

National holiday

Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

National symbol(s)

oryx (antelope); national colors: blue, red, green, white, yellow

Political parties and leaders

All People's Party or APP [Ignatius SHIXWAMENI] | Communist Party of Namibia or CPN (formerly known as Workers' Revolutionary Party or WRP) [Attie BEUKES and Harry BOESAK] | Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [McHenry VENAANI] | National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Asser MBAI] | Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Jeremiah NAMBINGA] | Republican Party or RP [Henk MUDGE] | South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Usutuaije MAAMBERUA] | South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Hage GEINGOB, acting president] | United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus ||GAROEB] | United People's Movement or UPM [Jan J. VAN WYK]

Political pressure groups and leaders

National Society for Human Rights or NAMRIGHTS | The Affirmative Repositioning Movement or AR [Job AMUPANDA, Dimbulukweni NAUYOMA, George KAMBALA] | other: various labor unions

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa during World War I and administered it as a mandate until after World War II, when it annexed the territory. In 1966, the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war of independence for the area that became Namibia, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its administration in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. Namibia has been governed by SWAPO since the country won independence in 1990, though the party has dropped much of its Marxist ideology. Prime Minister Hage GEINGOB was elected president in November 2014 in a landslide victory, replacing Hifikepunye POHAMBA who stepped down after serving two terms. SWAPO retained its parliamentary super majority in the November 2014 elections and established a system of gender parity in parliamentary positions.

Military branches

Namibian Defense Force (NDF): Army, Navy, Air Force (2013)

Military expenditures

4.2% of GDP (2015) | 3.11% of GDP (2012) | 3.38% of GDP (2011) | 3.11% of GDP (2010) | country comparison to the world: 20

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 37.39% (male 460,016/female 451,058) | 15-24 years: 20.35% (male 246,266/female 249,570) | 25-54 years: 34% (male 395,417/female 432,994) | 55-64 years: 4.25% (male 46,769/female 56,798) | 65 years and over: 4.01% (male 41,518/female 56,063) (2016 est.)

Birth rate

27.9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 46

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

13.2% (2013) | country comparison to the world: 37

Contraceptive prevalence rate

55.1% (2006/07)

Death rate

8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 95

Demographic profile

Planning officials view Namibia’s reduced population growth rate as sustainable based on the country’s economic growth over the past decade. Prior to independence in 1990, Namibia’s relatively small population grew at about 3% annually, but declining fertility and the impact of HIV/AIDS slowed this growth to 1.4% by 2011, rebounding to close to 2% by 2016. Namibia’s fertility rate has fallen over the last two decades – from about 4.5 children per woman in 1996 to 3.4 in 2016 – due to increased contraceptive use, higher educational attainment among women, and greater female participation in the labor force. The average age at first birth has stayed fairly constant, but the age at first marriage continues to increase, indicating a rising incidence of premarital childbearing. | The majority of Namibians are rural dwellers (about 55%) and live in the better-watered north and northeast parts of the country. Migration, historically male-dominated, generally flows from northern communal areas – non-agricultural lands where blacks were sequestered under the apartheid system – to agricultural, mining, and manufacturing centers in the center and south. After independence from South Africa, restrictions on internal movement eased, and rural-urban migration increased, bolstering urban growth. | Some Namibians – usually persons who are better-educated, more affluent, and from urban areas – continue to legally migrate to South Africa temporarily to visit family and friends and, much less frequently, to pursue tertiary education or better economic opportunities. Namibians concentrated along the country’s other borders make unauthorized visits to Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, or Botswana, to visit family and to trade agricultural goods. Few Namibians express interest in permanently settling in other countries; they prefer the safety of their homeland, have a strong national identity, and enjoy a well-supplied retail sector. Although Namibia is receptive to foreign investment and cross-border trade, intolerance toward non-citizens is widespread.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 67.3% | youth dependency ratio: 61.4% | elderly dependency ratio: 5.9% | potential support ratio: 17% (2015 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 98.2% of population | rural: 84.6% of population | total: 91% of population | urban: 1.8% of population | rural: 15.4% of population | total: 9% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

8.3% of GDP (2010) | country comparison to the world: 9

Ethnic groups

black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5% | note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups include Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

13.34% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 6

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,100 (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 31

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

210,800 (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 24

Health expenditures

8.9% of GDP (2014) | country comparison to the world: 54

Hospital bed density

2.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)

Infant mortality rate

total: 36.4 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 38.7 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 34.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 54

Languages

Oshiwambo languages 48.9%, Nama/Damara 11.3%, Afrikaans 10.4% (common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population), Otjiherero languages 8.6%, Kavango languages 8.5%, Caprivi languages 4.8%, English (official) 3.4%, other African languages 2.3%, other 1.7% | note: Namibia has 13 recognized national languages, including 10 indigenous African languages and 3 Indo-European languages (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 63.6 years | male: 62.1 years | female: 65.1 years (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 188

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write | total population: 81.9% | male: 79.2% | female: 84.5% (2015 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever | vectorborne disease: malaria | water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2016)

Major urban areas - population

WINDHOEK (capital) 368,000 (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

265 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 53

Median age

total: 21 years | male: 20.2 years | female: 21.7 years (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 183

Mother's mean age at first birth

21.5 | note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2013 est.)

Nationality

noun: Namibian(s) | adjective: Namibian

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 101

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

16.8% (2014) | country comparison to the world: 133

Physicians density

0.37 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Population

2,436,469 | note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 143

Population growth rate

1.98% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 49

Religions

Christian 80% to 90% (at least 50% Lutheran), indigenous beliefs 10% to 20%

Sanitation facility access

urban: 54.5% of population | rural: 16.8% of population | total: 34.4% of population | urban: 45.5% of population | rural: 83.2% of population | total: 65.6% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years | male: 11 years | female: 11 years (2006)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 0.91 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.82 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female | total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.36 children born/woman (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 47

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 56.2% | male: 49.4% | female: 62.2% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 19

Urbanization

urban population: 46.7% of total population (2015) | rate of urbanization: 4.16% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

concerns from international experts and local populations over the Okavango Delta ecology in Botswana and human displacement scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam on Popa Falls along the Angola-Namibia border; the governments of South Africa and Namibia have not signed or ratified the text of the 1994 Surveyor's General agreement placing the boundary in the middle of the Orange River; Namibia has supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

Trafficking in persons

current situation: Namibia is a country of origin and destination for children and, to a lesser extent, women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; victims, lured by promises of legitimate jobs, are forced to work in urban centers and on commercial farms; traffickers exploit Namibian children, as well as children from Angola, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, for forced labor in agriculture, cattle herding, domestic service, fishing, and street vending; children are also forced into prostitution, often catering to tourists from southern Africa and Europe; San and Zemba children are particularly vulnerable; foreign adults and Namibian adults and children are reportedly subjected to forced labor in Chinese-owned retail, construction, and fishing operations | tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Namibia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; Namibia was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; in 2015, the Child Care and Protection Bill passed, criminalizing child trafficking; the government’s first sex trafficking prosecution remained pending; no new prosecutions were initiated and no trafficking offenders have ever been convicted; accusations of forced labor at Chinese construction and mining companies continue to go uninvestigated; authorities failed to fully implement victim identification and referral processes, which led to the deportation of possible victims (2015)

Airports

112 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 52

Airports - with paved runways

total: 19 | over 3,047 m: 4 | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 | 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 93 | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 25 | 914 to 1,523 m: 52 | under 914 m: 16 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

V5 (2016)

Merchant marine

total: 1 | by type: cargo 1 (2010) | country comparison to the world: 153

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 2 | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 12 | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 553,322 | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 30,302,405 mt-km (2015)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Railways

total: 2,628 km | narrow gauge: 2,628 km 1.067-m gauge (2014) | country comparison to the world: 62

Roadways

total: 44,138 km | paved: 6,387 km | unpaved: 37,751 km (2010) | country comparison to the world: 81