Burundi

Broadcast media

state-controlled La Radiodiffusion et Television Nationale de Burundi (RTNB) operates the lone TV station and the only national radio network; about 10 privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in Bujumbura (2007)

Internet country code

.bi

Internet users

total: 523,000 | percent of population: 4.9% (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 165

Telephone system

general assessment: sparse system of open-wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relays | domestic: telephone density one of the lowest in the world; fixed-line connections stand at well less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage has increased to roughly 45 per 100 persons | international: country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 21,774 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 182

Telephones - mobile cellular

total: 4.998 million | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (July 2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 138

Agriculture - products

coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, cassava (manioc, tapioca); beef, milk, hides

Budget

revenues: $741.6 million | expenditures: $903.7 million (2015 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-5.6% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 176

Central bank discount rate

11.25% (31 December 2010) | 10% (31 December 2009) | country comparison to the world: 18

Commercial bank prime lending rate

15.3% (31 December 2015 est.) | 15.67% (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 36

Current account balance

-$444 million (2015 est.) | -$544 million (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 96

Debt - external

$684.1 million (31 December 2015 est.) | $690.2 million (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 173

Distribution of family income - Gini index

42.4 (1998) | country comparison to the world: 52

Economy - overview

Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. Agriculture accounts for over 40% of GDP and employs more than 90% of the population. Burundi's primary exports are coffee and tea, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings. Thus, Burundi's export earnings - and its ability to pay for imports - rest primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices, although exports are a relatively small share of GDP. Burundi is heavily dependent on aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Foreign aid in 2014 represented 42% of Burundi's national income, the second highest rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Burundi joined the East African Community (EAC) in 2009. | An ethnic war that ended in 2005 resulted in more than 200,000 deaths, forced more than 48,000 refugees into Tanzania, and displaced 140,000 others internally. Political stability, aid flows, and economic activity improved following the end of the civil war, but underlying weaknesses - a high poverty rate, poor education rates, a weak legal system, a poor transportation network, overburdened utilities, and low administrative capacity – have prevented the government from implementing planned economic reforms. Government corruption has also hindered the development of a private sector as companies have to deal with ever changing rules. The purchasing power of most Burundians has decreased as wage increases have not kept pace with inflation. | In 2015, Burundi’s economy suffered from political turmoil over President NKURUNZIZA’s controversial third term. Blocked transportation routes disrupted the flow of agricultural goods. And donors withdrew aid, increasing Burundi’s budget deficit. When the unrest ends, regional infrastructure improvements driven by the EAC and funded by the World Bank may help improve Burundi’s transport connections and lower transportation costs.

Exchange rates

Burundi francs (BIF) per US dollar - | 1,571.9 (2015 est.) | 1,546.69 (2014 est.) | 1,546.7 (2013 est.) | 1,442.51 (2012 est.) | 1,261.07 (2011 est.)

Exports

$119.6 million (2015 est.) | $130.1 million (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 193

Exports - commodities

coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides

Exports - partners

Germany 12.3%, Pakistan 10.7%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 10.7%, Uganda 8.1%, Sweden 7.8%, US 7.1%, Belgium 6.3%, Rwanda 4.6%, France 4.4% (2015)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.881 billion (2015 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$7.711 billion (2015 est.) | $8.041 billion (2014 est.) | $7.683 billion (2013 est.) | note: data are in 2015 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 164

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 82.3% | government consumption: 21.9% | investment in fixed capital: 21.7% | investment in inventories: 0% | exports of goods and services: 7.1% | imports of goods and services: -32.9% (2015 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 42.9% | industry: 16.7% | services: 40.4% (2015 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$800 (2015 est.) | $900 (2014 est.) | $900 (2013 est.) | note: data are in 2015 US dollars | country comparison to the world: 227

GDP - real growth rate

-4.1% (2015 est.) | 4.7% (2014 est.) | 4.5% (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 214

Gross national saving

6.4% of GDP (2015 est.) | 10.2% of GDP (2014 est.) | 10.1% of GDP (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 178

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 4.1% | highest 10%: 28% (2006)

Imports

$800.1 million (2015 est.) | $913 million (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 185

Imports - commodities

capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

Kenya 15%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Belgium 9.9%, Tanzania 8.3%, Uganda 7.3%, China 7.1%, India 4.9%, France 4% (2015)

Industrial production growth rate

-10.7% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 196

Industries

light consumer goods (blankets, shoes, soap, beer); assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.5% (2015 est.) | 4.4% (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 181

Labor force

5.119 million (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 78

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 93.6% | industry: 2.3% | services: 4.1% (2002 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

68% (2002 est.)

Public debt

39.8% of GDP (2015 est.) | 34.9% of GDP (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 115

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$136.2 million (31 December 2015 est.) | $317.1 million (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 164

Stock of broad money

$594.6 million (31 December 2015 est.) | $568.6 million (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 176

Stock of domestic credit

$851.3 million (31 December 2015 est.) | $721.9 million (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 163

Stock of narrow money

$397.7 million (31 December 2015 est.) | $412.4 million (31 December 2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 169

Taxes and other revenues

25.7% of GDP (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 115

Unemployment rate

NA%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

300,000 Mt (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 191

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 106

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 168

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 115

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2016 es) | country comparison to the world: 113

Electricity - consumption

400 million kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 182

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 114

Electricity - from fossil fuels

1.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 207

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

98.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 8

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 61

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.) | country comparison to the world: 164

Electricity - imports

100 million kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 94

Electricity - installed generating capacity

66,000 kW (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 184

Electricity - production

300 million kWh (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 185

Electricity access

population without electricity: 9,700,000 | electrification - total population: 5% | electrification - urban areas: 28% | electrification - rural areas: 2% (2013)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 124

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 72

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 171

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 165

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 es) | country comparison to the world: 119

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1,500 bbl/day (2014 est.) | country comparison to the world: 195

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 163

Refined petroleum products - imports

1,636 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 190

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2013 est.) | country comparison to the world: 163

Area

total: 27,830 sq km | land: 25,680 sq km | water: 2,150 sq km | country comparison to the world: 147

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees Celsius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

mean elevation: 1,504 m | elevation extremes: lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m | highest point: Heha 2,670 m

Environment - current issues

soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geographic coordinates

3 30 S, 30 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile

Irrigated land

230 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

total: 1,140 km | border countries (3): Democratic Republic of the Congo 236 km, Rwanda 315 km, Tanzania 589 km

Land use

agricultural land: 73.3% | arable land 38.9%; permanent crops 15.6%; permanent pasture 18.8% | forest: 6.6% | other: 20.1% (2011 est.)

Location

Central Africa, east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, west of Tanzania

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

flooding; landslides; drought

Natural resources

nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum, vanadium, arable land, hydropower, niobium, tantalum, gold, tin, tungsten, kaolin, limestone

Terrain

hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains

Administrative divisions

18 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura Mairie, Bujumbura Rural, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rumonge, Rutana, Ruyigi

Capital

name: Bujumbura | geographic coordinates: 3 22 S, 29 21 E | time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Burundi | dual citizenship recognized: no | residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

several previous; latest ratified by popular referendum 28 February 2005 (2016)

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Burundi | conventional short form: Burundi | local long form: Republique du Burundi/Republika y'u Burundi | local short form: Burundi | former: Urundi | etymology: name derived from the pre-colonial Kingdom of Burundi (17th-19th century)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Anne S. CASPER (since 2016) | embassy: Avenue Des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura | mailing address: B.P. 1720, Bujumbura | telephone: [257] 22-207-000 | FAX: [257] 22-222-926

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Ernest NDABASHINZE (since 21 May 2014) | chancery: 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 408, Washington, DC 20007 | telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574 | FAX: [1] (202) 342-2578

Executive branch

chief of state: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August 2005); First Vice President Gaston SINDIMWO (since 25 August 2015); Second Vice President Joseph BUTORE (since 25 August 2015); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government | head of government: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August 2005); First Vice President Prosper BAZOMBAZA (since 13 February 2014); Second Vice President Gervais RUFYIKIRI (since 29 August 2010) | cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president | elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 July 2015(next to be held in 2020); vice presidents nominated by the president, endorsed by Parliament | election results: Pierre NKURUNZIZA reelected president; percent of vote - Pierre NKURUNZIZA (CNDD-FDD) 69.4%, Agathon RWASA (National Liberation Forces) 19%, other 11.6%

Flag description

divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below); green symbolizes hope and optimism, white purity and peace, and red the blood shed in the struggle for independence; the three stars in the disk represent the three major ethnic groups: Hutu, Twa, Tutsi, as well as the three elements in the national motto: unity, work, progress

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, CEMAC, CEPGL, CICA, COMESA, EAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 9 judges and organized into judicial, administrative, and cassation chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 members) | judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Service Commission, a 15-member independent body of judicial and legal profession officials), appointed by the president, and confirmed by the Senate; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate and serve 6-year nonrenewable terms | subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; County Courts; Courts of Residence; Martial Court; Court Against Corruption; Commercial Court

Legal system

mixed legal system of Belgian civil law and customary law

Legislative branch

description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Inama Nkenguzamateka (49 seats in the July 2015 election; 34 members indirectly elected by an electoral college of provincial councils using a three-round voting system which requires a two-thirds majority vote in the first two rounds and a simple majority vote for the two leading candidates in the final round; 4 seats reserved for former heads of state, 3 seats reserved for Twas, and 8 seats for women; members serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly or Inama Nshingamateka (121 seats in the June 2015 election; 100 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 21 co-opted members – 3 Twas and 18 women; members serve 5-year terms) | elections: Senate - last held on 24 July 2015 (next to be held in 2019); National Assembly - last held on 29 June 2015 (next to be held on 2020) | election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 30, FRODEBU 3, CNDD 1, and 4 seats reserved for heads of state, 3 seats for Twas, and 8 seats for women; National Assembly - percent of vote by party (preliminary results) - CNDD-FDD 60.3%, Burundians' Hope Independent 11.2% UPRONA 2.5%, other 26%; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 77, Burundians' Hope Independent 21, UPRONA 2, seats for women 18, seats for Twas 3

National anthem

name: "Burundi Bwacu" (Our Beloved Burundi) | lyrics/music: Jean-Baptiste NTAHOKAJA/Marc BARENGAYABO | note: adopted 1962

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

National symbol(s)

lion; national colors: red, white, green

Political parties and leaders

Burundians' Hope Independent (also called Hope for Burundians) | Front for Democracy in Burundi or FRODEBU [Leonce NGENDAKUMANA] | National Council for the Defense of Democracy - Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Pascal NYABENDA] | National Liberation Forces or FNL [Agathon RWASA] | National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD [Leonard NYANGOMA] | National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI] | Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA] | Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progress Nationale) or UPRONA [Pierre BUYOYA]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Forum for the Strengthening of Civil Society or FORSC [Pacifique NININAHAZWE] (civil society umbrella organization) | Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption et les malversations economiques or OLUCOME [Gabriel RUFYIRI] (anti-corruption pressure group) | other: Hutu and Tutsi militias (loosely organized)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only 100 days in office, triggering widespread ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. More than 200,000 Burundians perished during the conflict that spanned almost a dozen years. Hundreds of thousands of Burundians were internally displaced or became refugees in neighboring countries. An internationally brokered power-sharing agreement between the Tutsi-dominated government and the Hutu rebels in 2003 paved the way for a transition process that integrated defense forces, and established a new constitution and elected a majority Hutu government in 2005. The government of President Pierre NKURUNZIZA, who was reelected in 2010 and again in a disputed election in 2015, continues to face many political and economic challenges.

Military branches

National Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Nationale, FDN): Army (includes maritime wing, Air Wing), National Gendarmerie (2013)

Military expenditures

2.39% of GDP (2012) | NA% (2011) | 2.39% of GDP (2010) | country comparison to the world: 32

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; the armed forces law of 31 December 2004 did not specify a minimum age for enlistment, but the government claimed that no one younger than 18 was being recruited; mandatory retirement age 45 (enlisted), 50 (NCOs), and 55 (officers) (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 45.61% (male 2,545,895/female 2,516,480) | 15-24 years: 19.17% (male 1,061,538/female 1,066,581) | 25-54 years: 28.71% (male 1,589,506/female 1,597,081) | 55-64 years: 3.94% (male 205,538/female 231,317) | 65 years and over: 2.57% (male 121,935/female 163,427) (2016 est.)

Birth rate

41.7 births/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 5

Child labor - children ages 5-14

total number: 433,187 | percentage: 19% (2005 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

29.1% (2011) | country comparison to the world: 16

Contraceptive prevalence rate

21.9% (2010/11)

Death rate

9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 67

Demographic profile

Burundi is a densely populated country with a high population growth rate, factors that combined with land scarcity and poverty place a large share of its population at risk of food insecurity. About 90% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture. Subdivision of land to sons, and redistribution to returning refugees, results in smaller, overworked, and less productive plots. Food shortages, poverty, and a lack of clean water contribute to a 60% chronic malnutrition rate among children. A lack of reproductive health services has prevented a significant reduction in Burundi’s maternal mortality and fertility rates, which are both among the world’s highest. With two-thirds of its population under the age of 25 and a birth rate of about 6 children per woman, Burundi’s population will continue to expand rapidly for decades to come, putting additional strain on a poor country. | Historically, migration flows into and out of Burundi have consisted overwhelmingly of refugees from violent conflicts. In the last decade, more than a half million Burundian refugees returned home from neighboring countries, mainly Tanzania. Reintegrating the returnees has been problematic due to their prolonged time in exile, land scarcity, poor infrastructure, poverty, and unemployment. Repatriates and existing residents (including internally displaced persons) compete for limited land and other resources. To further complicate matters, international aid organizations reduced their assistance because they no longer classified Burundi as a post-conflict country. Conditions have deteriorated since renewed violence erupted in April 2015, causing another outpouring of refugees. In addition to refugee out-migration, Burundi has hosted thousands of refugees from neighboring countries, mostly from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and lesser numbers from Rwanda.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 89.7% | youth dependency ratio: 85% | elderly dependency ratio: 4.7% | potential support ratio: 21.3% (2015 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 91.1% of population | rural: 73.8% of population | total: 75.9% of population | urban: 8.9% of population | rural: 26.2% of population | total: 24.1% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

5.4% of GDP (2013) | country comparison to the world: 50

Ethnic groups

Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.04% (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 43

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,000 (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 37

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

77,400 (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 45

Health expenditures

7.5% of GDP (2014) | country comparison to the world: 56

Hospital bed density

1.9 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

total: 60.4 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 66.9 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 53.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 20

Languages

Kirundi 29.7% (official), Kirundi and other language 9.1%, French (official) and French and other language 0.3%, Swahili and Swahili and other language 0.2% (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area), English and English and other language 0.06%, more than 2 languages 3.7%, unspecified 56.9% (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 60.5 years | male: 58.8 years | female: 62.3 years (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 199

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write | total population: 85.6% | male: 88.2% | female: 83.1% (2015 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever | vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever | water contact disease: schistosomiasis | animal contact disease: rabies (2016)

Major urban areas - population

BUJUMBURA (capital) 751,000 (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

712 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) | country comparison to the world: 6

Median age

total: 17 years | male: 16.8 years | female: 17.2 years (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 223

Mother's mean age at first birth

21.3 | note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)

Nationality

noun: Burundian(s) | adjective: Burundian

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 78

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.1% (2014) | country comparison to the world: 176

Population

11,099,298 | note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 81

Population growth rate

3.26% (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 3

Religions

Catholic 62.1%, Protestant 23.9% (includes Adventist 2.3% and other Protestant 21.6%), Muslim 2.5%, other 3.6%, unspecified 7.9% (2008 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 43.8% of population | rural: 48.6% of population | total: 48% of population | urban: 56.2% of population | rural: 51.4% of population | total: 52% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years | male: 11 years | female: 10 years (2013)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female | total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

6.04 children born/woman (2016 est.) | country comparison to the world: 2

Urbanization

urban population: 12.1% of total population (2015) | rate of urbanization: 5.66% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

Burundi and Rwanda dispute two sq km (0.8 sq mi) of Sabanerwa, a farmed area in the Rukurazi Valley where the Akanyaru/Kanyaru River shifted its course southward after heavy rains in 1965; cross-border conflicts persist among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in the Great Lakes region

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 54,932 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2016) | IDPs: 57,926 (some ethnic Tutsis remain displaced from intercommunal violence that broke out after the 1993 coup and fighting between government forces and rebel groups; violence since April 2015 has caused internal displacement, but exact figures are unknown because of insecurity and fear of reprisal attacks for self-identification as an IDP) (2016) | stateless persons: 1,302 (2015)

Trafficking in persons

current situation: Burundi is a source country for children and possibly women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; business people recruit Burundian girls for prostitution domestically, as well as in Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, and the Middle East, and recruit boys and girls for forced labor in Burundi and Tanzania; children and young adults are coerced into forced labor in farming, mining, informal commerce, fishing, or collecting river stones for construction; sometimes family, friends, and neighbors are complicit in exploiting children, at times luring them in with offers of educational or job opportunities | tier rating: Tier 3 – Burundi does not comply fully with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; corruption, a lack of political will, and limited resources continue to hamper efforts to combat human trafficking; in 2014, the government did not inform judicial and law enforcement officials of the enactment of an anti-trafficking law or how to implement it and approved – but did not fund – its national anti-trafficking action plan; authorities again failed to identify trafficking victims or to provide them with adequate protective services; the government has focused on transnational child trafficking but gave little attention to its domestic child trafficking problem and adult trafficking victims (2015)

Airports

7 (2013) | country comparison to the world: 165

Airports - with paved runways

total: 1 | over 3,047 m: 1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 6 | 914 to 1,523 m: 4 | under 914 m: 2 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

9U (2016)

Heliports

1 (2012)

Ports and terminals

lake port(s): Bujumbura (Lake Tanganyika)

Roadways

total: 12,322 km | paved: 1,286 km | unpaved: 11,036 km (2004) | country comparison to the world: 127

Waterways

(mainly on Lake Tanganyika between Bujumbura, Burundi's principal port, and lake ports in Tanzania, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2011)