CATEGORIES
◆ COMMUNICATIONS(13 fields)
Branches
People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal and border troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), Civil Defense
Defense expenditures
245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
Montenegro - males age 15-49
173,942
Montenegro - males fit for military service
140,728
Montenegro - males reach military age (19) annually
5,226
Radio broadcast stations
AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0
Radios
2.015 million
Serbia - males age 15-49
2,546,549
Serbia - males fit for military service
2,041,239 (1996 est.)
Telephone system
domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones
700,000
Television broadcast stations
18
Televisions
1 million Defense
◆ ECONOMY(21 fields)
Agriculture
cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats
Budget
revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Currency
1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Economic aid
recipient: ODA, $NA
Economic overview
The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy supplies and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable in 1994. Reliable statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of $2,000 per capita is extremely rough. The economy is recovering extremely slowly following the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995.
Electricity
capacity: 10,400,000 kW production: 34 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1994 est.)
Exchange rates
Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - official rate: 1.5; black market rate: 2 to 3 (early 1995)
Exports
$NA commodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia exported machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials partners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former Yugoslav republics, Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US
External debt
$4.2 billion (1993 est.)
Fiscal year
calendar year
GDP
purchasing power parity - $20.6 billion (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector
agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
GDP per capita
$2,000 (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate
4% (1995 est.)
Illicit drugs
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route
Imports
$NA commodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia imported machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials including coking coal for the steel industry partners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former Yugoslav republics, the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US
Industrial production growth rate
NA%
Industries
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
20% (1994 est.)
Labor force
2,640,909 by occupation: industry, mining 40% (1990)
Unemployment rate
more than 40% (1994 est.)
◆ GEOGRAPHY(15 fields)
Area
total area: 102,350 sq km land area: 102,136 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Kentucky note: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than Connecticut
Climate
in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Coastline
199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Environment
current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube natural hazards: destructive earthquakes international agreements: NA
Geographic coordinates
44 00 N, 21 00 E
Geographic note
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
International disputes
disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian republic
Irrigated land
NA sq km
Land boundaries
total: 2,246 km border countries: Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Land use
arable land: 30% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 25% other: 20%
Location
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Map references
Europe
Maritime claims
NA
Natural resources
oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
Terrain
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
◆ GOVERNMENT(21 fields)
Administrative divisions
2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Capital
Belgrade
Chamber of Citizens
elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats - (138 total, 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34, Depos 20, DPSCG 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3, other 3
Chamber of Republics
elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) seats by party NA; note - seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia
Constitution
27 April 1992
Diplomatic representation in US
the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the US chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Zoran POPOVIC chancery: 2410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 462-6566
Executive branch
chief of state: President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993) was elected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly; note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993 head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992) was nominated by the president; Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros KLIKOVAC (since 15 September 1994), and Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995) cabinet: Federal Executive Council
FAX
[381] (11) 645332
Independence
11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - SFRY)
Judicial branch
Savezni Sud (Federal Court), judges are elected by the Federal Assembly; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly
Legal system
based on civil law system
Legislative branch
bicameral Federal Assembly
Montenegro
MW
Name of country
conventional long form: none conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora note: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation
National holiday
St. Vitus Day, 28 June
Other political or pressure groups
NA
Political parties and leaders
Serbian Socialist Party (SPS, former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Andras AGOSTON; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president; Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; Civic Alliance of Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC, chairman; Socialist Party of Montenegro (SP), leader NA
Serbia
SR
Suffrage
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Type of government
republic
US diplomatic representation
the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Rudolf V. PERINA embassy: address NA, Belgrade mailing address: Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310 telephone: [381] (11) 645655
◆ PEOPLE(42 fields)
Ethnic divisions
Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%
Languages
Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy
NA
Montenegro
635,442 (July 1996 est.)
Montenegro
0.39% (1996 est.)
Montenegro
11.86 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Montenegro
7.76 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Montenegro
-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Montenegro
27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Montenegro
1.53 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Montenegro - 0-14 years
22% (male 71,075; female 67,402)
Montenegro - 15-64 years
67% (male 215,889; female 213,290)
Montenegro - 15-64 years
1.01 male(s)/female
Montenegro - 65 years and over
11% (male 27,868; female 39.918) (July 1996 est.)
Montenegro - 65 years and over
0.7 male(s)/female
Montenegro - all ages
0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Montenegro - at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
Montenegro - female
79.11 years (1996 est.)
Montenegro - male
70.86 years
Montenegro - total population
74.88 years
Montenegro - under 15 years
1.05 male(s)/female
Nationality
noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin
Population
total population: 10,614,558 (July 1996 est.)
Religions
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
Serbia
9,979,116 (July 1996 est.)
Serbia
0.39% (1996 est.)
Serbia
13.98 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia
10.25 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia
0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia
22.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Serbia
2 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Serbia - 0-14 years
21% (male 1,104,274; female 1,026,994)
Serbia - 15-64 years
66% (male 3,332,809; female 3,293,788)
Serbia - 15-64 years
1.01 male(s)/female
Serbia - 65 years and over
13% (male 515,001; female 706,250) (July 1996 est.)
Serbia - 65 years and over
0.73 male(s)/female
Serbia - all ages
0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Serbia - at birth
1.08 male(s)/female
Serbia - female
75.22 years (1996 est.)
Serbia - male
68.97 years
Serbia - total population
71.98 years
Serbia - under 15 years
1.08 male(s)/female
◆ TRANSPORTATION(8 fields)
Airports
total: 44 (Serbia 39, Montenegro 5) with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2) with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1) with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) with paved runways under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 14, Montenegro 0) with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 14 (Serbia 12, Montenegro 2) (1995 est.)
Highways
total: 46,019 km paved: 26,949 km unpaved: 19,070 km (1990 est.)
Montenegro
total 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 326,133 GRT/544,600 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners) ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 8, container 3, short-sea passenger ferry 1 note: ships operate under the flags of Malta, Panama, and Cyprus; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)
Pipelines
crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Ports
Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat
Railways
total: 3,960 km standard gauge: 3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (1,341 km electrified) (1992)
Serbia
total 2 bulk ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,916 GRT/77,103 DWT (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners) note: all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)
Waterways
NA km