Western Sahara

Broadcast media

Morocco's state-owned broadcaster, Radio-Television Marocaine (RTM), operates a radio service from Laayoune and relays TV service; a Polisario-backed radio station also broadcasts (2008)

Internet country code

.eh

Telephone system

general assessment: sparse and limited system domestic: NA international: country code - 212; tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco

Agriculture - products

fruits and vegetables (grown in the few oases); camels, sheep, goats (kept by nomads); fish

Budget

revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA

Debt - external

$NA

Economy - overview

Western Sahara has a small market-based economy whose main industries are fishing, phosphate mining, and pastoral nomadism. The territory's arid desert climate makes sedentary agriculture difficult, and Western Sahara imports much of its food. The Moroccan Government administers Western Sahara's economy and is a key source of employment, infrastructure development, and social spending in the territory. Western Sahara's unresolved legal status makes the exploitation of its natural resources a contentious issue between Morocco and the Polisario. Morocco and the EU in July 2006 signed a four-year agreement allowing European vessels to fish off the coast of Morocco, including the disputed waters off the coast of Western Sahara, but this agreement was terminated in 2011. Oil has never been found in Western Sahara in commercially significant quantities, but Morocco and the Polisario have quarreled over who has the right to authorize and benefit from oil exploration in the territory. Western Sahara's main long-term economic challenge is the development of a more diverse set of industries capable of providing greater employment and income to the territory.

Exchange rates

Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.689 (2012) 8.0899 (2011) 8.4172 (2010) 8.0571 (2009) 7.526 (2008)

Exports

$NA

Exports - commodities

phosphates 62%

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$NA

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$906.5 million (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 205

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: 40% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,500 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 180

GDP - real growth rate

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$NA

Imports - commodities

fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

NA%

Labor force

144,000 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 178

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 50% industry and services: 50% (2005 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Unemployment rate

NA%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

314,600 Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 186

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 206

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 206

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 205

Electricity - consumption

83.7 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 199

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 148

Electricity - from fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 208

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 204

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 205

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 149

Electricity - installed generating capacity

58,000 kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 179

Electricity - production

90 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 200

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 209

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 80

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 79

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 209

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 206

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1,948 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 190

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 144

Refined petroleum products - imports

1,702 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 183

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 210

Area

total: 266,000 sq km country comparison to the world: 78 land: 266,000 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

about the size of Colorado

Climate

hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

Coastline

1,110 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Sebjet Tah -55 m highest point: unnamed elevation 805 m

Environment - current issues

sparse water and lack of arable land

Environment - international agreements

party to: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

24 30 N, 13 00 W

Geography - note

the waters off the coast are particularly rich fishing areas

Irrigated land

NA

Land boundaries

total: 2,046 km border countries: Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km

Land use

arable land: 0.02% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.98% (2005)

Location

Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue

Natural hazards

hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility

Natural resources

phosphates, iron ore

Terrain

mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast

Administrative divisions

none (territory west of the berm under de facto Moroccan control)

Capital

none time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in July

Country name

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Western Sahara former: Rio de Oro, Saguia el Hamra, Spanish Sahara

Diplomatic representation from the US

none

Diplomatic representation in the US

none

Executive branch

none

Government type

legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), near Tindouf, Algeria, led by President Mohamed ABDELAZIZ; territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976 when Spain withdrew, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government-in-exile was seated as an Organization of African Unity (OAU) member in 1984; Morocco between 1980 and 1987 built a fortified sand berm delineating the roughly 80 percent of Western Sahara west of the barrier that currently is controlled by Morocco; guerrilla activities continued sporadically until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented on 6 September 1991 (Security Council Resolution 690) by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)

International organization participation

AU, CAN (observer), WFTU (NGOs)

Political pressure groups and leaders

none

Suffrage

none; (residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara participate in Moroccan elections)

Background

Morocco annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976 and claimed the rest of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front contesting Morocco's sovereignty ended in a 1991 UN-brokered cease-fire and the nearly 1,700 mile-long defensive sand berm built by the Moroccans from 1980 to 1987 separates the opposing forces with Morocco controlling the roughly 80 percent of the territory west of the berm. A UN-organized referendum on the territory's final status has been repeatedly postponed. The UN since 2007 has sponsored intermittent talks between representatives of the Government of Morocco and the Polisario Front to negotiate the status of Western Sahara. Morocco has put forward an autonomy proposal for the territory, which would allow for some local administration while maintaining Moroccan sovereignty. The Polisario, with Algeria's support, demands a popular referendum that includes the option of independence. Ethnic tensions in Western Sahara occasionally erupt into violence requiring a Moroccan security force response.

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 79,489 females age 16-49: 87,362 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 5,523 female: 5,429 (2010 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 38.7% (male 102,179/ female 100,021) 15-64 years: 57.7% (male 148,941/ female 152,990) 65 years and over: 3.6% (male 8,251/ female 10,546) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

31.65 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 42

Death rate

8.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Arab, Berber

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Infant mortality rate

total: 58.96 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 32 male: 64.02 deaths/1,000 live births female: 53.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 61.52 years country comparison to the world: 187 male: 59.3 years female: 63.82 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

NA

Major cities - population

Laayoune 237,000 (2011)

Median age

total: 20.5 years male: 20 years female: 21 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) adjective: Sahrawi, Sahrawian, Sahraouian

Population

522,928 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 172 note: estimate is based on projections by age, sex, fertility, mortality, and migration; fertility and mortality are based on data from neighboring countries

Population growth rate

3.027% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Religions

Muslim

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.22 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 37

Urbanization

urban population: 82% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 3.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

Many neighboring states reject Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; several states have extended diplomatic relations to the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" represented by the Polisario Front in exile in Algeria, while others recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara; most of the approximately 102,000 Sahrawi refugees are sheltered in camps in Tindouf, Algeria

Airports

6 (2012) country comparison to the world: 175

Airports - with paved runways

total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Ports and terminals

Ad Dakhla, Laayoune (El Aaiun)