Tonga

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

2 (2000)

Internet country code

.to

Internet users

1,000 (2000)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001)

Telephone system

general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (1996)

Telephones - main lines in use

8,000 (1996)

Telephones - mobile cellular

302 (1996)

Television broadcast stations

2 (2001)

Agriculture - products

squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish

Budget

revenues: $39.9 million expenditures: $52.4 million, including capital expenditures of $1.9 million (FY 99/00 est.)

Currency

pa'anga (TOP)

Currency code

TOP

Debt - external

$57.5 million (June 2001)

Economic aid - recipient

Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)

Economy - overview

Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services.

Electricity - consumption

25.36 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - production

27.27 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%

Exchange rates

pa'anga per US dollar NA (2002), 2.12 (2001), 1.76 (2000), 1.6 (1999), 1.49 (1998)

Exports

$8.9 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Exports - commodities

squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops

Exports - partners

Japan 43.2%, US 41.2%, Greece 4% (2002)

Fiscal year

1 July - 30 June

GDP

purchasing power parity - $236 million (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 26% industry: 12% services: 62% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

3% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$70 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners

New Zealand 30.8%, Fiji 20.7%, US 14.2%, Australia 13.2%, China 6.1% (2002)

Industrial production growth rate

8.6% (FY 98/99)

Industries

tourism, fishing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

8.4% (2001 est.)

Labor force

33,908 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 65% (1997 est.)

Oil - consumption

1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports

NA (2001)

Oil - imports

NA (2001)

Oil - production

0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Unemployment rate

13.3% (1996 est.)

Area

total: 748 sq km water: 30 sq km land: 718 sq km

Area - comparative

four times the size of Washington, DC

Climate

tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)

Coastline

419 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

20 00 S, 175 00 W

Geography - note

archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)

Irrigated land

NA sq km

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

arable land: 23.61% permanent crops: 43.06% other: 33.33% (1998 est.)

Location

Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Map references

Oceania

Maritime claims

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

Natural hazards

cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou

Natural resources

fish, fertile soil

Terrain

most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base

Administrative divisions

3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u

Capital

Nuku'alofa

Constitution

4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967

Country name

conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands

Diplomatic representation from the US

the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Sonatane T. T. TUPOU chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022 telephone: [1] (917) 369-1136 consulate(s) general: San Francisco FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024

Executive branch

chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch, the Cabinet, and two governors elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch cabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the monarch, consists of 12 members head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU (since NA January 2001)

Flag description

red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner

Government type

hereditary constitutional monarchy

Independence

4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)

International organization participation

ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)

Legal system

based on English law

Legislative branch

unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms) elections: last held 7 March 2002 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote - pro-democratic 70%; seats - pro-democratic 7, traditionalist 2

National holiday

Independence Day, 4 June (1970)

Political parties and leaders

there are no political parties

Political pressure groups and leaders

Tonga Human Rights and Democracy Movement or THRDM [Akilisi POHIVA, president]

Suffrage

21 years of age; universal

Background

The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.

Military branches

Tonga Defense Services (made up of three operational command components and two support elements, including the Royal Marines, Royal Guards, Maritime Force, a support/logistics group, and a training group), Police; note - a new air wing that will be subordinate to the Ministry of Defense is being developed

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

NA%

Age structure

0-14 years: 38.2% (male 21,085; female 20,265) 15-64 years: 57.6% (male 30,785; female 31,532) 65 years and over: 4.1% (male 1,973; female 2,501) (2003 est.)

Birth rate

24.51 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Death rate

5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Ethnic groups

Polynesian, Europeans about 300

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA%

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Infant mortality rate

total: 13.35 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 14.75 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Tongan, English

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 68.88 years male: 66.43 years female: 71.44 years (2003 est.)

Literacy

definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English total population: 98.5% male: 98.4% female: 98.7% (1996 est.)

Median age

total: 19.8 years male: 19.3 years female: 20.3 years (2002)

Nationality

noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Population

108,141 (July 2003 est.)

Population growth rate

1.9% (2003 est.)

Religions

Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

Total fertility rate

3 children born/woman (2003 est.)

Disputes - international

none

Airports

6 (2002)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2002)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2002)

Highways

total: 680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 78 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 250,020 GRT/350,055 DWT ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 44, chemical tanker 4, container 1, liquefied gas 5, livestock carrier 2, petroleum tanker 9, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 4, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 1 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Albania 1, Australia 4, Austria 1, Bolivia 1, Cyprus 1, Djibouti 1, Egypt 2, Greece 4, Lebanon 2, Liberia 2, Marshall Islands 2, Morocco 1, Norway 1, Panama 1, Romania 3, Russia 1, Sao Tome and Principe 1, Saudi Arabia 2, Singapore 1, Sweden 1, Switzerland 3, Syria 5, Ukraine 1, UAE 16, US 4 (2002 est.)

Ports and harbors

Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai

Railways

0 km

Waterways

none