Rwanda

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

2 (2002)

Internet country code

.rw

Internet users

20,000 (2002)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 0, FM 3 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a system of repeaters and the third FM program is a 24 hour BBC program), shortwave 1 (2002)

Telephone system

general assessment: telephone system primarily serves business and government domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone international: international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)

Telephones - main lines in use

600,000 note - 90% in Kigali (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular

81,000 (2001) note: Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several prefecture capitals (2002)

Television broadcast stations

NA

Agriculture - products

coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock

Budget

revenues: $199.3 million expenditures: $445 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)

Currency

Rwandan franc (RWF)

Currency code

RWF

Debt - external

$1.3 billion (2000 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

28.9 (1985)

Economic aid - recipient

$372.9 million (1999)

Economy - overview

Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa; landlocked with few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has rebounded, and inflation has been curbed. Export earnings, however, have been hindered by low beverage prices, depriving the country of much needed hard currency. Attempts to diversify into non-traditional agriculture exports such as flowers and vegetables have been stymied by a lack of adequate transportation infrastructure. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food to be imported. Rwanda continues to receive substantial amounts of aid money and was approved for IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in late 2000. But Kigali's high defense expenditures cause tension between the government and international donors and lending agencies.

Electricity - consumption

140 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports

50 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - production

96.78 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 2.3% hydro: 97.7% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%

Exchange rates

Rwandan francs per US dollar - 475.37 (2002), 442.99 (2001), 389.7 (2000), 333.94 (1999), 312.31 (1998)

Exports

$68 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities

coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Exports - partners

Indonesia 30.8%, Germany 14.6%, Hong Kong 9%, South Africa 5.5% (2002)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP

purchasing power parity - $8.92 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 45% industry: 20% services: 35% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

9.7% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 24.2% (1985)

Imports

$253 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material

Imports - partners

Kenya 21.8%, Germany 8.4%, Belgium 7.9%, Israel 4.3% (2002)

Industrial production growth rate

7% (2001 est.)

Industries

cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.5% (2002 est.)

Labor force

4.6 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 90%

Natural gas - proved reserves

28.32 billion cu m (37257)

Oil - consumption

5,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports

NA (2001)

Oil - imports

NA (2001)

Oil - production

0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (37257)

Population below poverty line

60% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Area

total: 26,338 sq km water: 1,390 sq km land: 24,948 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geographic coordinates

2 00 S, 30 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural

Irrigated land

40 sq km (1998 est.)

Land boundaries

total: 893 km border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km

Land use

arable land: 32.43% permanent crops: 10.13% other: 57.44% (1998 est.)

Location

Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo

Natural resources

gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land

Terrain

mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east

Administrative divisions

12 prefectures (in French - prefectures, singular - prefecture; in Kinyarwanda - plural - NA, singular - prefegitura); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri

Capital

Kigali

Constitution

on 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted as Fundamental Law the constitution of 18 June 1991, provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord, the July 1994 Declaration by the Rwanda Patriotic Front, and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding

Country name

conventional long form: Rwandese Republic conventional short form: Rwanda local short form: Rwanda former: Ruanda local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret K. McMILLION embassy: #337 Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali telephone: [250] 50 56 01 through 03 FAX: [250] 57 2128

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Zac NSENGA FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544 telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882 chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009

Executive branch

chief of state: President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (FPR) (since 22 April 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held NA 2008) election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct popular vote; Paul KAGAME (RPF) 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%, Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33%

Flag description

three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band

Government type

republic; presidential, multiparty system

Independence

1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

International organization participation

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court; communal courts; appeals courts

Legal system

based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (53 seats; members elected by direct vote) elections: last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held NA) election results: seats by party under the Arusha peace accord - FPR 40, PSD 7, PL 6

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Political parties and leaders

Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-Nipomuscene NAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [J. Damascene NTAWUKURIRYAYO]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [leader NA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Pie MUGABO]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGU and Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwanda Patriotic Front or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders

IBUKA - association of genocide survivors

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal adult

Background

In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output and to foster reconciliation. A series of massive population displacements, a nagging Hutu extremist insurgency, and Rwandan involvement in two wars over the past four years in the neighboring DROC continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts.

Military branches

Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$59.57 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

3% (FY02)

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 1,932,637 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 982,909 (2003 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 42.5% (male 1,667,128; female 1,651,422) 15-64 years: 54.8% (male 2,128,495; female 2,148,694) 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 85,576; female 128,741) (2003 est.)

Birth rate

40.1 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Death rate

21.72 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Ethnic groups

Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

8.9% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

49,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

500,000 (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 102.61 deaths/1,000 live births female: 97.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 107.66 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 39.33 years male: 38.51 years female: 40.18 years (2003 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write female: 64.7% (2003 est.) male: 76.3% total population: 70.4%

Median age

total: 18.1 years male: 17.8 years female: 18.3 years (2002)

Nationality

noun: Rwandan(s) adjective: Rwandan

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

People - note

Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa

Population

7,810,056 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2003 est.)

Population growth rate

1.84% (2003 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% (2001)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

Total fertility rate

5.6 children born/woman (2003 est.)

Disputes - international

Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts

Airports

9 (2002)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2002)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 3 (2002)

Highways

total: 12,000 km paved: 996 km unpaved: 11,004 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors

Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye

Railways

0 km

Waterways

note: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft