Panama

Broadcast media

multiple privately-owned TV networks and a government-owned educational TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; more than 100 commercial radio stations (2007)

Internet country code

.pa

Internet hosts

11,022 (2012) country comparison to the world: 132

Internet users

959,800 (2009) country comparison to the world: 104

Telephone system

general assessment: domestic and international facilities well developed domestic: mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly international: country code - 507; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System

Telephones - main lines in use

560,200 (2011) country comparison to the world: 93

Telephones - mobile cellular

6.735 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 95

Agriculture - products

bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane, vegetables; livestock; shrimp

Budget

revenues: $9.219 billion expenditures: $10.21 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

Commercial bank prime lending rate

6.6% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 129 6.91% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

-$4.191 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 158 -$3.892 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$13.13 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 $12.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

51.9 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 17 56.1 (2003)

Economy - overview

Panama's dollar-based economy rests primarily on a well-developed services sector that accounts for more than three-quarters of GDP. Services include operating the Panama Canal, logistics, banking, the Colon Free Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism. Economic growth will be bolstered by the Panama Canal expansion project that began in 2007 and is scheduled to be completed by 2014 at a cost of $5.3 billion - about 10% of current GDP. The expansion project will more than double the Canal's capacity, enabling it to accommodate ships that are too large to traverse the existing canal. The United States and China are the top users of the Canal. Panama also plans to construct a metro system in Panama City, valued at $1.2 billion and scheduled to be completed by 2014. Panama's booming transportation and logistics services sectors, along with aggressive infrastructure development projects, have lead the economy to continued high growth in 2012. Strong economic performance has not translated into broadly shared prosperity, as Panama has the second worst income distribution in Latin America. About 30% of the population lives in poverty; however, from 2006 to 2012 poverty was reduced by 10 percentage points, while unemployment dropped from 12% to 4.4% of the labor force in 2012. A US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement was approved by Congress and signed into law in October 2011. Seeking removal from the Organization of Economic Development's gray-list of tax havens, Panama has also recently signed various double taxation treaties with other nations.

Exchange rates

balboas (PAB) per US dollar - 1 (2012 est.) 1 (2011 est.) 1 (2010 est.) 1 (2009) 1 (2008)

Exports

$17.97 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 76 $16.93 billion (2011 est.) note: includes the Colon Free Zone

Exports - commodities

gold, bananas, shrimp, sugar, iron and steel waste, pineapples, watermelons

Exports - partners

US 13.1%, South Korea 12.5%, Honduras 10.2%, Japan 9.3%, India 7%, Canada 4.4%, Mexico 4.2% (2011)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$34.82 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$55.8 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 92 $51.43 billion (2011 est.) $46.51 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 3.8% industry: 16.8% services: 79.4% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$15,300 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 $14,300 (2011 est.) $13,200 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

8.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 10.6% (2011 est.) 7.6% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 40.1% (2010 est.)

Imports

$24.04 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 70 $22.95 billion (2011 est.) note: includes the Colon Free Zone

Imports - commodities

fuel products, medicines, vehicles, iron and steel rods, cellular phones

Imports - partners

Japan 23.5%, China 23%, Singapore 18.1%, US 13%, South Korea 6% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

10.9% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 9

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

6.1% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 160 5.9% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

30.1% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 18

Labor force

1.509 million country comparison to the world: 129 note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 17% industry: 18.6% services: 64.4% (2009 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$10.68 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 70 $10.92 billion (31 December 2010) $8.048 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line

29% (2011 est.)

Public debt

37% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 97 40% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$3.314 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 105 $2.315 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$29.72 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 78 $25.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$NA

Stock of domestic credit

$31.47 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71 $28.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$7.488 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 87 $6.107 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

26.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 117

Unemployment rate

4.4% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 4.5% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

15.46 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 89

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 169

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 111

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 178

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 177

Electricity - consumption

5.805 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Electricity - exports

39 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 80

Electricity - from fossil fuels

51.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

48.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 44

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 161

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 175

Electricity - imports

71 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 98

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.815 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

Electricity - production

6.546 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 186

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 133

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 118

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 180

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 183

Refined petroleum products - consumption

98,890 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 79

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 125

Refined petroleum products - imports

46,370 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 188

Area

total: 75,420 sq km country comparison to the world: 118 land: 74,340 sq km water: 1,080 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than South Carolina

Climate

tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Coastline

2,490 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Volcan Baru 3,475 m

Environment - current issues

water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 0.82 cu km/yr (67%/5%/28%) per capita: 254 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

9 00 N, 80 00 W

Geography - note

strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land

430 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 555 km border countries: Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km

Land use

arable land: 7.26% permanent crops: 1.95% other: 90.79% (2005)

Location

Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica

Map references

Central America and the Caribbean

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or edge of continental margin

Natural hazards

occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area

Natural resources

copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower

Terrain

interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills

Total renewable water resources

148 cu km (2000)

Administrative divisions

9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 3 indigenous territories* (comarcas); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Embera-Wounaan*, Herrera, Kuna Yala*, Los Santos, Ngobe-Bugle*, Panama, Veraguas

Capital

name: Panama City geographic coordinates: 8 58 N, 79 32 W time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

11 October 1972; revised several times

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Panama conventional short form: Panama local long form: Republica de Panama local short form: Panama

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Jonathan D. FARRAR embassy: Edificio 783, Avenida Demetrio Basilio Lakas Panama, Apartado Postal 0816-02561, Zona 5, Panama City mailing address: American Embassy Panama, Unit 0945, APO AA 34002 telephone: [507] 207-7000 FAX: [507] 317-5568

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Mario Ernesto JARAMILLO Castillo chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407 FAX: [1] (202) 483-8416 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Diego, San Francisco, Tampa

Executive branch

chief of state: President Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal (since 1 July 2009); Vice President Juan Carlos VARELA (since 1 July 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal (since 1 July 2009); Vice President Juan Carlos VARELA (since 1 July 2009) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms (president not eligible for immediate reelection and must sit out two additional terms (10 years) before becoming eligible for reelection); election last held on 3 May 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results: Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal elected president; percent of vote - Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal 60%, Balbina HERRERA 38%, Guillermo ENDARA Galimany 2% note: the ruling government coalition - formerly comprised of CD (Democratic Change), Panamenista Party, MOLIRENA (Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement), and UP (Patriotic Union Party) - split in August 2011 when MARTINELLI relieved Vice President VARELA from his position as Foreign Minister prompting the Panamenistas to pull out of the coalition; UP has now merged with CD, and CD and the Panamenista Party will now run separate candidates for the presidency in 2014

Flag description

divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center; the blue and red colors are those of the main political parties (Conservatives and Liberals respectively) and the white denotes peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, the red star signifies authority and law

Government type

constitutional democracy

Independence

3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain on 28 November 1821)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

BCIE, CAN (observer), CD, CELAC, CSN (observer), FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, SICA, UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine judges appointed for staggered 10-year terms); five superior courts; three courts of appeal

Legal system

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (71 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 3 May 2009 (next to be held in May 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRD 26, Panamenista 22, CD 14, UP 4, MOLIRENA 2, PP 1, independents 2; note - changes in political affiliation now reflect the following seat distribution: as of 5 December 2012 - seats by party - CD 38, PRD 17, Panamenista 9, MOLIRENA 6, PP 1 note: legislators from outlying rural districts are chosen on a plurality basis while districts located in more populous towns and cities elect multiple legislators by means of a proportion-based formula

National anthem

name: "Himno Istemno" (Isthmus Hymn) lyrics/music: Jeronimo DE LA OSSA/Santos A. JORGE note: adopted 1925

National holiday

Independence Day, 3 November (1903)

National symbol(s)

harpy eagle

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Francisco SANCHEZ Cardenas]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Sergio GONZALEZ-Ruiz]; Panamenista Party [Juan Carlos VARELA Rodriguez] (formerly the Arnulfista Party); Patriotic Union Party or UP (combination of the Liberal National Party or PLN and the Solidarity Party or PS)[Anibal GALINDO]; Popular Party or PP [Milton HENRIQUEZ] (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC) note: The Patriotic Union Party (UP) has now merged with Democratic Change (CD)

Political pressure groups and leaders

Chamber of Commerce; Concertacion Nacional (mechanism for government of Panama to formally dialogue with representatives of civil society); National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO; National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP; National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS); Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE; Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP; Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Background

Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela - named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When the latter dissolved in 1830, Panama remained part of Colombia. With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of the century. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the subsequent decades. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were transferred to Panama by the end of 1999. In October 2006, Panamanians approved an ambitious plan (estimated to cost $5.3 billion) to expand the Canal. The project, which began in 2007 and could double the Canal's capacity, is expected to be completed in 2014-15.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 890,006 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 731,254 females age 16-49: 728,329 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 32,142 female: 30,879 (2010 est.)

Military - note

on 10 February 1990, the government of then President ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of "external aggression"

Military branches

no regular military forces; Panamanian public forces include: Panamanian National Police (PNP), National Air-Naval Service (SENAN), National Border Service (SENAFRONT) (2010)

Military expenditures

1% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 132

Age structure

0-14 years: 28.1% (male 504,035/ female 483,567) 15-64 years: 64.5% (male 1,144,595/ female 1,118,819) 65 years and over: 7.4% (male 119,866/ female 139,163) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

19.17 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 95

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

3.9% (2008) country comparison to the world: 94

Death rate

4.69 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 197

Demographic profile

Panama is a country of demographic and economic contrasts. It is in the midst of a demographic transition, characterized by steadily declining rates of fertility, mortality, and population growth, but disparities persist based on wealth, geography, and ethnicity. Panama has one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America and dedicates substantial funding to social programs, yet poverty and inequality remain prevalent. The indigenous population accounts for a growing share of Panama's poor and extreme poor, while the non-indigenous rural poor have been more successful at rising out of poverty through rural-to-urban labor migration. The government's large expenditures on untargeted, indirect subsidies for water, electricity, and fuel have been ineffective, but its conditional cash transfer program has shown some promise in helping to decrease extreme poverty among the indigenous population. Panama has expanded access to education and clean water, but the availability of sanitation and, to a lesser extent, electricity remains poor. The increase in secondary schooling - led by female enrollment - is spreading to rural and indigenous areas, which probably will help to alleviate poverty if educational quality and the availability of skilled jobs improve. Inadequate access to sanitation contributes to a high incidence of diarrhea in Panama's children, which is one of the main causes of Panama's elevated chronic malnutrition rate, especially among indigenous communities.

Education expenditures

3.8% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 110

Ethnic groups

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.9% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 52

HIV/AIDS - deaths

1,500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

20,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 78

Health expenditures

8.3% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 48

Hospital bed density

2.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)

Infant mortality rate

total: 11.32 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 137 male: 12.09 deaths/1,000 live births female: 10.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

Spanish (official), English 14% note: many Panamanians are bilingual

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 77.96 years country comparison to the world: 57 male: 75.18 years female: 80.86 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 91.9% male: 92.5% female: 91.2% (2000 census)

Major cities - population

PANAMA CITY (capital) 1.346 million (2009)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

92 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 79

Median age

total: 27.8 years male: 27.4 years female: 28.2 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Panamanian(s) adjective: Panamanian

Net migration rate

-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Physicians density

1.5 physicians/1,000 population (2000)

Population

3,510,045 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 132

Population growth rate

1.41% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Religions

Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 75% of population rural: 51% of population total: 69% of population unimproved: urban: 25% of population rural: 49% of population total: 31% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 13 years male: 13 years female: 14 years (2008)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.43 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 14.9% country comparison to the world: 75 male: 11.7% female: 21.1% (2008)

Urbanization

urban population: 75% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within the remote border region with Panama

Illicit drugs

major cocaine transshipment point and primary money-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring of financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains a major problem

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 15,598 (Colombia) (2011)

Airports

118 (2012) country comparison to the world: 48

Airports - with paved runways

total: 55 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 30 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 63 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 51 (2012)

Heliports

3 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 6,413 country comparison to the world: 1 by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 2,525, cargo 1,115, carrier 27, chemical tanker 588, combination ore/oil 1, container 742, liquefied gas 205, passenger 42, passenger/cargo 51, petroleum tanker 545, refrigerated cargo 191, roll on/roll off 87, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 290 foreign-owned: 5,162 (Albania 4, Argentina 5, Australia 4, Bahamas 6, Bangladesh 5, Belgium 1, Bermuda 27, Brazil 3, Bulgaria 6, Burma 3, Canada 6, Chile 14, China 534, Colombia 2, Croatia 2, Cuba 2, Cyprus 5, Denmark 41, Ecuador 3, Egypt 11, Finland 2, France 7, Gabon 1, Germany 24, Gibraltar 1, Greece 379, Hong Kong 144, India 24, Indonesia 10, Iran 5, Ireland 1, Israel 1, Italy 25, Japan 2372, Jordan 11, Kuwait 12, Lebanon 2, Lithuania 3, Luxembourg 1, Malaysia 12, Maldives 2, Malta 2, Mexico 5, Monaco 11, Netherlands 6, Nigeria 6, Norway 81, Oman 10, Pakistan 3, Peru 9, Philippines 5, Portugal 10, Qatar 1, Romania 3, Russia 49, Saudi Arabia 11, Singapore 92, South Korea 373, Spain 30, Sweden 2, Switzerland 15, Syria 34, Taiwan 328, Tanzania 2, Thailand 6, Turkey 62, UAE 83, UK 37, UK 5, Ukraine 8, US 90, Venezuela 13, Vietnam 43, Yemen 4) registered in other countries: 1 (Honduras 1) (2010)

Pipelines

oil 128 km

Ports and terminals

Balboa, Colon, Cristobal

Railways

total: 76 km country comparison to the world: 127 standard gauge: 76 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)

Roadways

total: 11,978 km country comparison to the world: 130 paved: 4,300 km unpaved: 7,678 km (2002)

Waterways

800 km (includes the 82-km Panama Canal that is being widened) (2011) country comparison to the world: 73