New Zealand

Broadcast media

state-owned Television New Zealand operates multiple TV networks and state-owned Radio New Zealand operates 3 radio networks and an external shortwave radio service to the South Pacific region; a small number of national commercial TV and radio stations and many regional commercial television and radio stations are available; cable and satellite TV systems are available (2008)

Internet country code

.nz

Internet hosts

3.026 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 34

Internet users

3.4 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 62

Telephone system

general assessment: excellent domestic and international systems domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership exceeds 150 per 100 persons international: country code - 64; the Southern Cross submarine cable system provides links to Australia, Fiji, and the US; satellite earth stations - 8 (1 Inmarsat - Pacific Ocean, 7 other)

Telephones - main lines in use

1.88 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 60

Telephones - mobile cellular

4.82 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 107

Agriculture - products

dairy products, lamb and mutton; wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables; wool, beef; fish

Budget

revenues: $62.64 billion expenditures: $72.71 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-6% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Central bank discount rate

2.5% (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 71 5% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

6.1% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 140 6.11% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

-$6.803 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 169 -$6.709 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$90.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 48 $91.07 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.2 (1997) country comparison to the world: 82

Economy - overview

Over the past 20 years the government has transformed New Zealand from an agrarian economy dependent on concessionary British market access to a more industrialized, free market economy that can compete globally. This dynamic growth has boosted real incomes - but left behind some at the bottom of the ladder - and broadened and deepened the technological capabilities of the industrial sector. Per capita income rose for ten consecutive years until 2007 in purchasing power parity terms, but fell in 2008-09. Debt-driven consumer spending drove robust growth in the first half of the decade, helping fuel a large balance of payments deficit that posed a challenge for economic managers. Inflationary pressures caused the central bank to raise its key rate steadily from January 2004 until it was among the highest in the OECD in 2007-08; international capital inflows attracted to the high rates further strengthened the currency and housing market, however, aggravating the current account deficit. The economy fell into recession before the start of the global financial crisis and contracted for five consecutive quarters in 2008-09. In line with global peers, the central bank cut interest rates aggressively and the government developed fiscal stimulus measures. The economy posted a 2% decline in 2009, but pulled out of recession late in the year, and achieved roughly 2% per year growth in 2010-12. Nevertheless, key trade sectors remain vulnerable to weak external demand. The government plans to raise productivity growth and develop infrastructure, while reining in government spending.

Exchange rates

New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.289 (2012 est.) 1.263 (2011 est.) 1.3874 (2010 est.) 1.6002 (2009) 1.4151 (2008)

Exports

$37.73 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 63 $38.35 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

dairy products, meat, wood and wood products, fish, machinery

Exports - partners

Australia 22.2%, China 12.5%, US 8.5%, Japan 7.1% (2011)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March note: this is the fiscal year for tax purposes

GDP (official exchange rate)

$166.9 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$128.5 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 65 $125.7 billion (2011 est.) $124 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 4.8% industry: 24.6% services: 70.6% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$28,800 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 46 $28,500 (2011 est.) $28,400 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

2.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 138 1.3% (2011 est.) 1.8% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$35.65 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 62 $35.61 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft, petroleum, electronics, textiles, plastics

Imports - partners

China 16.1%, Australia 15.9%, US 10.4%, Japan 6.3%, Singapore 4.6%, Germany 4.3% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

1.5% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 132

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 13 4% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

19.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 104

Labor force

2.402 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 113

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 7% industry: 19% services: 74% (2006 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$71.66 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 55 $36.3 billion (31 December 2010) $67.06 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Public debt

41.8% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 36.1% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$18.33 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 59 $17.01 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$154.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 46 $145.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA (31 December 2010) $59.08 billion (31 December 2009)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$75.77 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 46 $73.92 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$233.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $239.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$26.94 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 62 $26.26 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

37.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Unemployment rate

6.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 70 6.5% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

39.58 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

Crude oil - exports

45,180 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Crude oil - imports

90,840 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 49

Crude oil - production

49,730 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Crude oil - proved reserves

96.1 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Electricity - consumption

38.96 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 115

Electricity - from fossil fuels

30% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 179

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

56.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Electricity - from other renewable sources

13.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 15

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 118

Electricity - installed generating capacity

9.482 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Electricity - production

43.4 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 55

Natural gas - consumption

4.278 billion cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 130

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Natural gas - production

4.367 billion cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 52

Natural gas - proved reserves

27.64 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Refined petroleum products - consumption

148,900 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Refined petroleum products - exports

2,883 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

Refined petroleum products - imports

46,780 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 72

Refined petroleum products - production

106,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

Area

total: 267,710 sq km country comparison to the world: 76 land: 267,710 sq km water: NA note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands

Area - comparative

about the size of Colorado

Climate

temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Coastline

15,134 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Aoraki-Mount Cook 3,754 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna hard-hit by invasive species

Environment - international agreements

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 2.11 cu km/yr (48%/9%/42%) per capita: 524 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

41 00 S, 174 00 E

Geography - note

almost 90% of the population lives in cities; Wellington is the southernmost national capital in the world

Irrigated land

6,190 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

arable land: 5.54% permanent crops: 6.92% other: 87.54% (2005)

Location

Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Australia

Map references

Oceania

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Natural hazards

earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity volcanism: significant volcanism on North Island; Ruapehu (elev. 2,797 m), which last erupted in 2007, has a history of large eruptions in the past century; Taranaki has the potential to produce dangerous avalanches and lahars; other historically active volcanoes include Okataina, Raoul Island, Tongariro, and White Island

Natural resources

natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone

Terrain

predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains

Total renewable water resources

397 cu km (1995)

Administrative divisions

16 regions and 1 territory*; Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury, Chatham Islands*, Gisborne, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu-Wanganui, Marlborough, Nelson, Northland, Otago, Southland, Taranaki, Tasman, Waikato, Wellington, West Coast

Capital

name: Wellington geographic coordinates: 41 18 S, 174 47 E time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April note: New Zealand is divided into two time zones - New Zealand standard time (12 hours in advance of UTC), and Chatham Islands time (45 minutes in advance of New Zealand standard time)

Constitution

consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand parliaments, as well as The Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter; adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987

Country name

conventional long form: none conventional short form: New Zealand abbreviation: NZ

Dependent areas

Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador David HUEBNER embassy: 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington mailing address: P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, APO AP 96531-1034 telephone: [64] (4) 462-6000 FAX: [64] (4) 499-0490 consulate(s) general: Auckland

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Michael K. MOORE chancery: 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 328-4800 FAX: [1] (202) 667-5227 consulate(s) general: New York, Santa Monica

Executive branch

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Lt Gen Sir Jerry MATEPARAE (since 31 August 2011) head of government: Prime Minister John KEY (since 19 November 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Simon William ENGLISH (since 19 November 2008) cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general

Flag description

blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation

Government - note

while not an official symbol, the Kiwi, a small native flightless bird, represents New Zealand

Government type

parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm

Independence

26 September 1907 (from the UK)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; High Court; note - judges appointed by the governor general

Legal system

common law system, based on English model, with special legislation and land courts for the Maori

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives - commonly called Parliament (usually 120 seats; 70 members elected by popular vote in single-member constituencies including 7 Maori constituencies, 50 proportional seats chosen from party lists; serve three-year terms) elections: last held on 26 November 2011 (next to be held not later than November 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - National Party 48%, Labor Party 27.1%, Green Party 10.6%, NZ First 6.8%, Maori 1.4%, ACT Party 1.1%, Mana 1%, United Future 0.6%, other 3.43%; seats by party - National Party 60, Labor Party 34, Green Party 13, NZ First 8, Maori 3, ACT Party 1, Mana 1, United Future 1 note: results of 2011 election saw the total number of seats decline to 121

National anthem

name: "God Defend New Zealand" lyrics/music: Thomas BRACKEN [English], Thomas Henry SMITH [Maori]/John Joseph WOODS note: adopted 1940 as national song, adopted 1977 as co-national anthem; New Zealand has two national anthems with equal status; as a commonwealth realm, in addition to "God Defend New Zealand," "God Save the Queen" serves as a national anthem (see United Kingdom); "God Save the Queen" normally is played only when a member of the royal family or the governor-general is present; in all other cases, "God Defend New Zealand" is played

National holiday

Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840); ANZAC Day (commemorated as the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)

National symbol(s)

Southern Cross constellation (four, five-pointed stars); kiwi (bird)

Political parties and leaders

ACT New Zealand [Rodney HIDE]; Green Party [Russel NORMAN and Metiria TUREI]; Mana Party [Hone HARAWIRA]; Maori Party [Tariana TURIA and Dr. Pita SHARPLES]; New Zealand National Party [John KEY]; New Zealand First Party or NZ First [Winston PETERS]; New Zealand Labor Party [Phil GOFF]; Jim Anderton's Progressive Party [James (Jim) ANDERTON]; United Future New Zealand [Peter DUNNE]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Women's Electoral Lobby or WEL other: apartheid groups; civil rights groups; farmers groups; Maori; nuclear weapons groups; women's rights groups

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

The Polynesian Maori reached New Zealand in about A.D. 800. In 1840, their chieftains entered into a compact with Britain, the Treaty of Waitangi, in which they ceded sovereignty to Queen Victoria while retaining territorial rights. In that same year, the British began the first organized colonial settlement. A series of land wars between 1843 and 1872 ended with the defeat of the native peoples. The British colony of New Zealand became an independent dominion in 1907 and supported the UK militarily in both world wars. New Zealand's full participation in a number of defense alliances lapsed by the 1980s. In recent years, the government has sought to address longstanding Maori grievances.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 1,019,798 females age 16-49: 1,003,429 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 843,526 females age 16-49: 828,779 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 30,846 female: 28,825 (2010 est.)

Military branches

New Zealand Defense Force (NZDF): New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force (Te Hokowhitu o Kahurangi, RNZAF) (2010)

Military expenditures

1% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 127

Military service age and obligation

17 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed until the age of 18; no conscription; 3 years of secondary education required; must be a citizen of NZ, the UK, Australia, Canada, or the US and resident of there for the previous 5 years (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 20.2% (male 448,838/ female 426,799) 15-64 years: 66.2% (male 1,434,723/ female 1,428,693) 65 years and over: 13.6% (male 270,468/ female 318,423) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

13.57 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 148

Death rate

7.2 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Education expenditures

6.1% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 27

Ethnic groups

European 56.8%, Asian 8%, Maori 7.4%, Pacific islander 4.6%, mixed 9.7%, other 13.5% (2006 Census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 143

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 100 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 125

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

2,500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 132

Health expenditures

9.7% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 31

Hospital bed density

6.18 beds/1,000 population (2002)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.72 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 183 male: 5.29 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

English (official) 91.2%, Maori (official) 3.9%, Samoan 2.1%, French 1.3%, Hindi 1.1%, Yue 1.1%, Northern Chinese 1%, other 12.9%, New Zealand Sign Language (official) note: shares sum to 114.6% due to multiple responses on census (2006 Census)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 80.71 years country comparison to the world: 25 male: 78.7 years female: 82.81 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.)

Major cities - population

Auckland 1.36 million; WELLINGTON (capital) 391,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

15 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 144

Median age

total: 37.2 years male: 36.4 years female: 38 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: New Zealander(s) adjective: New Zealand

Net migration rate

2.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

26.5% (2007) country comparison to the world: 10

Physicians density

2.384 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Population

4,327,944 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 125

Population growth rate

0.863% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 130

Religions

Protestant 38.6% (Anglican 13.8%, Presbyterian, Congregational, and Reformed 10%, Christian (no denomination specified) 4.6%, Methodist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Baptist 1.4%, other Christian 3.8%), Roman Catholic 12.6%, Maori Christian 1.6%, Hindu 1.6%, Buddhist 1.3%, other religions 2.2%, none 32.2%, other or unidentified 9.9% (2006 Census)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 19 years male: 19 years female: 20 years (2008)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.07 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 122

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 16.6% country comparison to the world: 69 male: 16% female: 17.2% (2009)

Urbanization

urban population: 86% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)

Illicit drugs

significant consumer of amphetamines

Airports

122 (2012) country comparison to the world: 47

Airports - with paved runways

total: 39 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 83 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 33 under 914 m: 47 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 15 country comparison to the world: 101 by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 3, chemical tanker 1, container 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 2 foreign-owned: 7 (Germany 2, Hong Kong 1, South Africa 1, Switzerland 2, UK 1) registered in other countries: 5 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Cook Islands 2, Samoa 1) (2010)

Pipelines

condensate 331 km; gas 1,838 km; liquid petroleum gas 172 km; oil 288 km; refined products 198 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Auckland, Lyttelton, Manukau Harbor, Marsden Point, Tauranga, Wellington

Railways

total: 4,128 km country comparison to the world: 41 narrow gauge: 4,128 km 1.067-m gauge (506 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways

total: 93,911 km country comparison to the world: 46 paved: 61,879 km (includes 172 km of expressways) unpaved: 32,032 km (2009)