Nepal

Internet country code

.np

Internet hosts

18,733 (2007)

Internet users

249,400 (2006)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (2000)

Telephone system

general assessment: poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radiotelephone communication service and mobile cellular telephone network domestic: NA international: country code - 977; radiotelephone communications; microwave landline to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

595,800 (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular

1.042 million (2006)

Television broadcast stations

1 (plus 9 repeaters) (1998)

Agriculture - products

rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, jute, root crops; milk, water buffalo meat

Budget

revenues: $1.153 billion expenditures: $1.927 billion (FY06/07)

Currency (code)

Nepalese rupee (NPR)

Debt - external

$3.07 billion (March 2006)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

47.2 (2004)

Economic aid - recipient

$427.9 million (2005)

Economy - overview

Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world with almost one-third of its population living below the poverty line. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for 38% of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural produce including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Security concerns relating to the Maoist conflict have led to a decrease in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange. Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism, areas of recent foreign investment interest. Prospects for foreign trade or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however, because of the small size of the economy, its technological backwardness, its remoteness, its landlocked geographic location, its civil strife, and its susceptibility to natural disaster.

Electricity - consumption

1.96 billion kWh (2006)

Electricity - exports

101 million kWh (2006)

Electricity - imports

266 million kWh (2006)

Electricity - production

2.511 billion kWh (2006)

Exchange rates

Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 72.446 (2006), 72.16 (2005), 73.674 (2004), 76.141 (2003), 77.877 (2002)

Exports

$822 million f.o.b.; note - does not include unrecorded border trade with India (2005 est.)

Exports - commodities

carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain

Exports - partners

India 67.9%, US 11.7%, Germany 4.7% (2006)

Fiscal year

16 July - 15 July

GDP (official exchange rate)

$6.948 billion (2006 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$41.18 billion (2006 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 38% industry: 20% services: 42% (FY05/06 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,500 (2006 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

1.9% (2006 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 40.6% (2004)

Imports

$2 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities

gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer

Imports - partners

India 61.8%, China 3.8%, Indonesia 3.3% (2006)

Industrial production growth rate

2.2% (FY05/06)

Industries

tourism, carpet, textile; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

8.6% (November 2006 est.)

Labor force

11.11 million note: severe lack of skilled labor (2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 76% industry: 6% services: 18% (2004 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$963.5 million (2005)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption

11,550 bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil - exports

NA bbl/day

Oil - imports

11,530 bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil - production

0 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2006)

Population below poverty line

30.9% (2004)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$NA

Unemployment rate

42% (2004 est.)

Area

total: 147,181 sq km land: 143,181 sq km water: 4,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Arkansas

Climate

varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates

28 00 N, 84 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga - the world's tallest and third tallest - on the borders with China and India respectively

Irrigated land

11,700 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 2,926 km border countries: China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km

Land use

arable land: 16.07% permanent crops: 0.85% other: 83.08% (2005)

Location

Southern Asia, between China and India

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons

Natural resources

quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore

Terrain

Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north

Administrative divisions

14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti

Capital

name: Kathmandu geographic coordinates: 27 43 N, 85 19 E time difference: UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

9 November 1990; the government began working on an interim constitution in May 2006

Country name

conventional long and short form: Nepal local long and short form: Nepal

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Nancy J. POWELL embassy: Maharajgunj, Kathmandu mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [977] (1) 400-7200 FAX: [977] (1) 400-7272

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); note - Charge d'Affaires Kali Prasad POKHREL chancery: 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 667-4550 FAX: [1] (202) 667-5534 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch

chief of state: Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 30 April 2006) head of government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 30 April 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers Khadga Prasad OLI (since 2 May 2006) and Amik SHERCHAN since June 2006) cabinet: Cabinet historically appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; note - the prime minister selected the Cabinet in May 2006 in consultation with the political parties elections: following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition historically has been appointed prime minister by the monarch

Flag description

red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun

Government type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH)

International organization participation

AsDB, BIMSTEC, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (chief justice is appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council)

Legal system

based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

a 330 seat Interim Parliament was formed on 15 January 2007 following the promulgation of an interim constitution elections: Constituent Assembly elections orginally scheduled for June 2007 were postponed to November 2007 election results: Interim Parliament seats by party - NC 85, CPN/M 83, CPN/UML 83, NC/D 48, RPP 9, NSP/AD 5, NWPP 4, People's Front Nepal (Amik Sherchan Group) 4, People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur K.C. Group) 3, UFL 3, People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur Ale Group) 2, NSP 1

National holiday

in 2006, Parliament abolished the birthday of King GYANENDRA (7 July) and Constitution Day (9 November) as national holidays

Political parties and leaders

Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML [Madhav Kumar NEPAL]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Pashupati Shumsher RANA] (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP); Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP - Mandal [Bhadri Prasad MANDAL]; Nepal Sadbhavana Party - Ananda Devi [Ananda DEVI]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE]; Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA, president] (reunited with splinter Nepali Congress-Democratic in September 2007); People's Front Nepal (Amik Sherchan Group); People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur Ale Group); People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur K.C. Group); Rastriya Janashakti Party or RJP [Surya Bahadur THAPA] (split from RPP in March 2005); Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal (merged with People's Front Nepal or PFN in 2002); United Leftist Front or UFL [C.P. MAINALI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA, chairman; Dr. Baburam BHATTARAI]; numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

In 1951, the Nepalese monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. A Maoist insurgency, launched in 1996, gained traction and threatened to bring down the regime, especially after a negotiated cease-fire between the Maoists and government forces broke down in August 2003. In 2001, the crown prince massacred ten members of the royal family, including the king and queen, and then took his own life. In October 2002, the new king dismissed the prime minister and his cabinet for "incompetence" after they dissolved the parliament and were subsequently unable to hold elections because of the ongoing insurgency. While stopping short of reestablishing parliament, the king in June 2004 reinstated the most recently elected prime minister who formed a four-party coalition government. Citing dissatisfaction with the government's lack of progress in addressing the Maoist insurgency and corruption, the king in February 2005 dissolved the government, declared a state of emergency, imprisoned party leaders, and assumed power. The king's government subsequently released party leaders and officially ended the state of emergency in May 2005, but the monarch retained absolute power until April 2006. After nearly three weeks of mass protests organized by the seven-party opposition and the Maoists, the king allowed parliament to reconvene on 28 April 2006. Following the November 2006 peace accord between the government and the Maoists, an interim constitution was promulgated and the Maoists were allowed to enter parliament in mid-January 2007. Parliamentary elections, orginally planned for June 2007, were postponed to November 2007.

Manpower available for military service

males age 18-49: 6,107,091 females age 18-49: 5,744,989 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 18-49: 4.193 million females age 18-49: 3,853,102 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually

males age 18-49: 308,031 females age 18-49: 286,604 (2005 est.)

Military branches

Royal Nepalese Army (includes Royal Nepalese Army Air Service); Nepalese Police Force

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

1.6% (2006)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Age structure

0-14 years: 38.3% (male 5,721,720/female 5,360,391) 15-64 years: 57.9% (male 8,597,037/female 8,134,115) 65 years and over: 3.8% (male 528,113/female 560,414) (2007 est.)

Birth rate

30.46 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate

9.14 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Ethnic groups

Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.5% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,100 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

61,000 (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 63.66 deaths/1,000 live births male: 61.87 deaths/1,000 live births female: 65.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)

Languages

Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census) note: many in government and business also speak English (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 60.56 years male: 60.78 years female: 60.33 years (2007 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 48.6% male: 62.7% female: 34.9% (2001 census)

Median age

total: 20.5 years male: 20.3 years female: 20.6 years (2007 est.)

Nationality

noun: Nepalese (singular and plural) adjective: Nepalese

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Population

28,901,790 (July 2007 est.)

Population growth rate

2.132% (2007 est.)

Religions

Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%, Muslim 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census) note: only official Hindu state in the world

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.067 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.057 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.942 male(s)/female total population: 1.056 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.01 children born/woman (2007 est.)

Disputes - international

joint border commission continues to work on contested sections of boundary with India, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities; approximately 106,000 Bhutanese Lhotshampas (Hindus) have been confined in refugee camps in southeastern Nepal since 1990

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast Asia to the West

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 106,248 (Bhutan), 20,153 (Tibet/China) IDPs: 100,000-200,000 (ongoing conflict between government forces and Maoist rebels; displacement spread across the country) (2006)

Airports

47 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 10 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 1 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 37 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 30 (2007)

Railways

total: 59 km narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (2006)

Roadways

total: 17,380 km paved: 9,886 km unpaved: 7,494 km (2004)