Mongolia

Broadcast media

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)

Internet country code

.mn

Internet hosts

20,084 (2012) country comparison to the world: 118

Internet users

330,000 (2008) country comparison to the world: 125

Telephone system

general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services domestic: very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing international: country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

176,700 (2012) country comparison to the world: 129

Telephones - mobile cellular

3.375 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 126

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Budget

revenues: $3.462 billion expenditures: $4.36 billion (2013 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-8.1% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 196

Central bank discount rate

13.25% (31 December 2012) country comparison to the world: 15 12.25% (31 December 2011 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

17.5% (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 23 18.2% (31 December 2012 est.)

Current account balance

-$3.639 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 162 -$3.362 billion (2012 est.)

Debt - external

$4.954 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 120 $4.669 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.5 (2008) country comparison to the world: 84 32.8 (2002)

Economy - overview

Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and attendant growth in mining-sector activities have transformed Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mongolia's copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, among others, have attracted foreign direct investment. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth, because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit hard by the global financial crisis. Slower global economic growth hurt the country's exports, notably copper, and slashed government revenues. As a result, Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and the country has largely emerged from the crisis with better regulations and closer supervision. The banking sector strengthened but weaknesses remain. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered to be among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. Mongolia's ongoing dispute with a foreign investor over Oyu Tolgoi, however, has called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign direct investment. Negotiations to develop the massive Tavan Tolgoi coal field also have stalled. The economy has grown more than 10% per year since 2010, largely on the strength of commodity exports to nearby countries and high government spending domestically. Mongolia's economy, however, faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal and monetary policies, which are contributing to high inflation, and from uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives more than 90% of Mongolia's exports and is Mongolia's largest supplier. Mongolia has relied on Russia for energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases; in the first 11 months of 2013, Mongolia purchased 76% of its gasoline and diesel fuel and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia. A drop in foreign direct investment and a decrease in Chinese demand for Mongolia's mineral exports are putting pressure on Mongolia's balance of payments. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant.

Exchange rates

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,444.3 (2013 est.) 1,357.6 (2012 est.) 1,357.1 (2010 est.) 1,442.8 (2009) 1,170 (2007)

Exports

$4.294 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 $4.382 billion (2012 est.)

Exports - commodities

copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil

Exports - partners

China 89%, Canada 4.1% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.14 billion (2013 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$17.03 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 140 $15.23 billion (2012 est.) $13.57 billion (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 58.5% government consumption: 14.9% investment in fixed capital: 55.8% investment in inventories: 0% exports of goods and services: 50% imports of goods and services: -79.2% (2013 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 16.5% industry: 32.6% services: 50.9% (2013 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$5,900 (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 152 $5,400 (2012 est.) $4,900 (2011 est.) note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

11.8% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 6 12.3% (2012 est.) 17.5% (2011 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 28.4% (2008)

Imports

$5.696 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 121 $5.934 billion (2012 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent

Imports - partners

China 37.5%, Russia 25.6%, US 9.4%, South Korea 6.1%, Japan 4.9% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

11% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Industries

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

8.2% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 196 15% (2012 est.)

Labor force

1.037 million (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 141

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 33% industry: 10.6% services: 56.4% (2011)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$1.293 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 92 $1.579 billion (31 December 2011) $1.093 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

29.8% (2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$6.329 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 120 $5.472 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA (31 December 2013 est.) $44 million (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$1.69 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 101 $4.452 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$3.297 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 122 $3.09 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.219 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 143 $1.318 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

31.1% of GDP (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Unemployment rate

9% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 99 13% (2010)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

10.21 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

5,680 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 64

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Crude oil - production

9,935 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Crude oil - proved reserves

NA bbl

Electricity - consumption

3.951 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Electricity - exports

22 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Electricity - from fossil fuels

99.9% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 182

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 133

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 102

Electricity - imports

263 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 83

Electricity - installed generating capacity

833,200 kW (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Electricity - production

4.48 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 120

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 161

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

Refined petroleum products - consumption

21,610 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 125

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 195

Refined petroleum products - imports

17,360 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 109

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 169

Area

total: 1,564,116 sq km country comparison to the world: 19 land: 1,553,556 sq km water: 10,560 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Environment - current issues

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 0.55 cu km/yr (13%/43%/44%) per capita: 196.8 cu m/yr (2009)

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land

843 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 8,220 km border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

Land use

arable land: 0.39% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.61% (2011)

Location

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Terrain

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Total renewable water resources

34.8 cu km (2011)

Administrative divisions

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital

name: Ulaanbaatar geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992; amended 1999, 2001 (2011)

Country name

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL (since 6 August 2012) embassy: Denver Street #3, 11th Micro Region, Big Ring Road, Ulaanbaatar, 14190 Mongolia mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192 telephone: [976] 7007-6001 FAX: [976] 7007-6016

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL (since 8 January 2013) chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco

Executive branch

chief of state: President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Dendev TERBISHDAGVA (since 20 August 2012) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament) (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, leaders of the majority party or a majority coalition usually elect the prime minister of the State Great Hural election results: Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE 42%, Natsag UDVAL 6.5%, other 1.3%

Flag description

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type

parliamentary

Independence

11 July 1921 (from China)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 16 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Heral upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term subordinate courts: aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts (established in 2004)

Legal system

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; of which 48 members are directly elected from 26 electoral districts, while 28 members are proportionally elected based on a party's share of the total votes; all serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 25, Justice Coalition 11, others 5, vacant 2

National anthem

name: "Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia) lyrics/music: Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; the anthem's lyrics have been altered on numerous occasions

National holiday

Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

National symbol(s)

soyombo emblem

Political parties and leaders

Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Sanjaasuren OYUN] Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG] Justice Coalition (includes MPRP and MNDP) Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN] Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Miyegombo ENKHBOLD] Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]

Political pressure groups and leaders

other: human rights groups; women's groups

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party was elected to office and was re-elected for his second term in June 2013. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which adopted the MPRP name. In the 2012 Parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties led by the Democratic Party, gained control of the Parliament.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 898,546 females age 16-49: 891,192 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 726,199 females age 16-49: 756,628 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 30,829 female: 29,648 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army (includes Mongolian Air and Air Defense, which is to become a separate service in 2015); there is no navy (2013)

Military expenditures

1.12% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 92 0.99% of GDP (2011) 1.12% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2012)

Age structure

0-14 years: 26.8% (male 404,051/female 388,546) 15-24 years: 18.7% (male 278,912/female 273,167) 25-54 years: 44.5% (male 636,799/female 677,236) 55-64 years: 5.9% (male 80,267/female 94,021) 65 years and over: 4% (male 49,314/female 70,877) (2014 est.)

Birth rate

20.88 births/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 81

Child labor - children ages 5-14

total number: 106,203 percentage: 18 % (2005 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

5.3% (2005) country comparison to the world: 88

Contraceptive prevalence rate

55% (2010)

Death rate

6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 155

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 45.4 % youth dependency ratio: 39.9 % elderly dependency ratio: 5.5 % potential support ratio: 18 (2014 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 94.8% of population rural: 61.2% of population total: 84.6% of population unimproved: urban: 5.2% of population rural: 38.8% of population total: 15.4% of population (2012 est.)

Education expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 58

Ethnic groups

Khalkh 81.9%, Kazak 3.8%, Dorvod 2.7%, Bayad 2.1%, Buryat-Bouriates 1.7%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1%, Uriankhai 1%, other 4.6% (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

less than 0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 161

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 100 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 140

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

fewer than 500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 160

Health expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 129

Hospital bed density

6.8 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

total: 23.15 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 79 male: 26.4 deaths/1,000 live births female: 19.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

Languages

Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 68.98 years country comparison to the world: 158 male: 64.72 years female: 73.45 years (2014 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.4% male: 96.8% female: 97.9% (2011 est.)

Major urban areas - population

ULAANBAATAR (capital) 1.184 million (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

63 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 96

Median age

total: 27.1 years male: 26.3 years female: 27.8 years (2014 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

21.9 note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008 est.)

Nationality

noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian

Net migration rate

-0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 145

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

14.4% (2008) country comparison to the world: 122

Physicians density

2.76 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population

2,953,190 (July 2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 139

Population growth rate

1.37% (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 89

Religions

Buddhist 53%, Muslim 3%, Christian 2.2%, Shamanist 2.9%, other 0.4%, none 38.6% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 65.3% of population rural: 35.4% of population total: 56.2% of population unimproved: urban: 34.7% of population rural: 64.6% of population total: 43.8% of population (2012 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years male: 14 years female: 16 years (2012)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.22 children born/woman (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 100

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 11.9% country comparison to the world: 100 male: 10.7% female: 13.2% (2011)

Urbanization

urban population: 68.5% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 2.81% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons: 220 (2012)

Airports

44 (2013) country comparison to the world: 98

Airports - with paved runways

total: 15 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 29 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

total: 57 country comparison to the world: 68 by type: bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1 foreign-owned: 44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)

Railways

total: 1,908 km country comparison to the world: 73 broad gauge: 1,908 km 1.520-m gauge note: the railway is 50 percent owned by the Russian State Railway (2010)

Roadways

total: 49,249 km country comparison to the world: 78 paved: 4,800 km unpaved: 44,449 km (2013)

Waterways

580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, they are open from May to September) (2010) country comparison to the world: 82