Moldova

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 719,001 (2020 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; a total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2019)

Internet country code

.md

Internet users

total: 1.891 million (2021 est.) percent of population: 61% (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: the telecom market has been affected by a combination of high unemployment and economic difficulties which have led to constraints on consumer spending; Moldova s aspirations to join the EU have encouraged the government and regulator to adopt a range of measures to bring the country s telecoms sector into line with EU principles and standards; in July 2017 the Electronic Communications Act was amended to accommodate the 2009 European regulatory framework, while further amendments were adopted in December 2017 and additional changes were proposed in 2019; Moldova is also part of the Eastern Partnership group of countries, and as such has set in train a glidepath to reducing roaming charges, effective between 2022 and 2026; the country s broadband strategy through to 2025 has been supported by the ITU and industry counterparts from Korea; the internet market is developing rapidly, and though the penetration rate is well below the average for most European countries there are many opportunities for further development; the number of cable broadband subscribers is increasing steadily, though fiber is now by far the strongest sector; by the end of 2020 fiber accounted for about 72.3% of all fixed broadband connections; the mobile market has also grown rapidly, and the sector accounts for the majority of total telecoms revenue; the launch of LTE services has opened up a new revenue growth opportunity centered on mobile broadband; the near comprehensive geographical reach of their mobile networks, market brand recognition and existing customer relationships will make for steady subscriber growth in coming years (2024) domestic: fixed-line service is 29 per 100; mobile cellular tele density is 127 per 100 persons (2022) international: country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 951,000 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 4.17 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2022 est.)

Agricultural products

wheat, maize, sunflower seeds, grapes, sugar beets, apples, milk, potatoes, barley, plums (2022) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Budget

revenues: $4.487 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $4.684 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Credit ratings

Moody's rating: B3 (2010) note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Current account balance

-$1.974 billion (2023 est.) -$2.482 billion (2022 est.) -$1.699 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$1.899 billion (2022 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Economic overview

upper middle-income Eastern European economy; sustained growth reversed by COVID-19; significant remittances; Russian energy and regional dependence; agricultural exporter; declining workforce due to emigration and low fertility

Exchange rates

Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - 18.164 (2023 est.) 18.897 (2022 est.) 17.68 (2021 est.) 17.322 (2020 est.) 17.573 (2019 est.)

Exports

$5.865 billion (2023 est.) $5.981 billion (2022 est.) $4.197 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

refined petroleum, insulated wire, garments, seed oils, corn (2022) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Romania 27%, Ukraine 15%, Italy 7%, Turkey 6%, Germany 5% (2022) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP (official exchange rate)

$16.539 billion (2023 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 85.3% (2023 est.) government consumption: 18.1% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 19.7% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: 1.1% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 35.5% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -59.6% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 7.6% (2023 est.) industry: 17.4% (2023 est.) services: 61.1% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

25.7 (2021 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 4.3% (2021 est.) highest 10%: 22.1% (2021 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

$9.867 billion (2023 est.) $10.265 billion (2022 est.) $7.915 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, plastic products, insulated wire (2022) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

Romania 23%, Russia 11%, Ukraine 10%, China 8%, Turkey 7% (2022) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

-11.74% (2023 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

13.42% (2023 est.) 28.74% (2022 est.) 5.11% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

1.464 million (2023 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Population below poverty line

31.1% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

34.52% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$38.969 billion (2023 est.) $38.666 billion (2022 est.) $40.708 billion (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

0.78% (2023 est.) -5.02% (2022 est.) 13.93% (2021 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

$15,700 (2023 est.) $15,200 (2022 est.) $15,700 (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Remittances

12.27% of GDP (2023 est.) 14.04% of GDP (2022 est.) 15.48% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$5.453 billion (2023 est.) $4.474 billion (2022 est.) $3.902 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

18.94% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

1.62% (2023 est.) 0.91% (2022 est.) 0.79% (2021 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 4.2% (2023 est.) male: 5% (2023 est.) female: 3.4% (2023 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Carbon dioxide emissions

7.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 293,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 3.035 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from consumed natural gas: 3.991 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Coal

consumption: 120,000 metric tons (2022 est.) imports: 121,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 625,000 kW (2022 est.) consumption: 5.579 billion kWh (2022 est.) exports: 94 million kWh (2022 est.) imports: 936 million kWh (2022 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 576.529 million kWh (2022 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 90.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) solar: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) wind: 1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) hydroelectricity: 5.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) biomass and waste: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

34.021 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Natural gas

production: 10,000 cubic meters (2021 est.) consumption: 2.344 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) imports: 2.344 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption: 22,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 12.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 5.12 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 3.29 megatons (2020 est.)

Climate

moderate winters, warm summers

Environment - current issues

heavy use of agricultural chemicals has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from poor farming methods

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol

Land use

agricultural land: 74.9% (2018 est.) arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.) forest: 11.9% (2018 est.) other: 13.2% (2018 est.)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km note [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

12.27 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 160 million cubic meters (2020 est.) industrial: 580 million cubic meters (2020 est.) agricultural: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 43.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 3,981,200 tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 609,920 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.3% (2015 est.)

Area

total : 33,851 sq km land: 32,891 sq km water: 960 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Maryland

Climate

moderate winters, warm summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m lowest point: Dniester (Nistru) 2 m mean elevation: 139 m

Geographic coordinates

47 00 N, 29 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; well-endowed with various sedimentary rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone

Irrigated land

2,155 sq km (2020)

Land boundaries

total: 1,885 km border countries (2): Romania 683 km; Ukraine 1202 km

Land use

agricultural land: 74.9% (2018 est.) arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.) forest: 11.9% (2018 est.) other: 13.2% (2018 est.)

Location

Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km note [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

landslides

Natural resources

lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land

Population distribution

pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti

Terrain

rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea

Administrative divisions

32 raions (raioane, singular - raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular - municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala) raions: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)

Capital

name: Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian) geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 28 51 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: origin unclear but may derive from the archaic Romanian word chisla ("spring" or "water source") and noua ("new") because the original settlement was built at the site of a small spring note: pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyov)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldova dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

history: previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994 amendments: proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2018

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Moldova conventional short form: Moldova local long form: Republica Moldova local short form: Moldova former: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic etymology: named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Kent D. LOGSDON (since 16 February 2022) embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009 mailing address: 7080 Chisinau Place, Washington DC 20521-7080 telephone: [373] (22) 408-300 FAX: [373] (22) 233-044 email address and website: ChisinauACS@state.gov https://md.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Viorel URSU (since 12 December 2022) chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130 FAX: [1] (202) 667-2624 email address and website: washington@mfa.gov.md https://sua.mfa.gov.md/en

Executive branch

chief of state: President Maia SANDU (since 24 December 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN (since 16 February 2023) cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament elections/appointments: president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 November 2024 (next to be held in 2028); prime minister designated by the president upon consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament election results: 2024: In the second round of presidential elections, incumbent Maia SANDU (PAS) wins 55.4% of the vote, Alexandr STOIANOGLO (PSRM) 44.6; turnout is 54.3% 2020: Maia SANDU elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Maia SANDU (PAS) 57.7%, Igor DODON (PSRM) 42.3% 2016 : Igor DODON elected president in second round; percent of vote - Igor DODON (PSRM) 52.1%, Maia SANDU (PAS) 47.9%

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of dark gold (brown) outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with which Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag displays a mirrored image of the coat of arms note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO note : Moldova is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges); note - the Constitutional Court is autonomous to the other branches of government; the Court interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts

Legal system

civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Parliament (101 seats; 51 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 50 members directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by closed party-list proportional representation vote; all members serve 4-year terms elections: last held on 11 July 2021 (next to be held in July 2025) election results: percent of vote by party - PAS 52.8%, BECS 27.1%, SOR 5.7%, other 14.4%; seats by party - PAS 63, BECS 32, SOR 6; composition - men 58, women 40, percent of women 40.8%

National anthem

name: "Limba noastra" (Our Language) lyrics/music: Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA note: adopted 1994

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Struve Geodetic Arc

National holiday

Independence Day, 27 August (1991)

National symbol(s)

aurochs (a type of wild cattle); national colors: blue, yellow, red

Political parties

Bloc of Communists and Socialists or BCS Party of Action and Solidarity or PAS

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

A large portion of present-day Moldovan territory became a province of the Russian Empire in 1812 and then unified with Romania in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. This territory was then incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Years of Communist Party rule in Moldova from 2001 to 2009 ultimately ended with election-related violent protests and a rerun of parliamentary elections in 2009. A series of pro-Europe ruling coalitions governed Moldova from 2010 to 2019, but pro-Russia candidate Igor DODON won the presidency in 2016, and his Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova won a plurality in the legislative election in 2019. Pro-EU reformist candidate Maia SANDU defeated DODON in his reelection bid in 2020, and SANDU's Party of Action and Solidarity won a parliamentary majority in an early legislative election in 2021. Prime Minister Natalia GAVRILITA and her cabinet took office in 2021. In early 2023, Moldova's parliament confirmed a new cabinet led by Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN, which retained the majority of the former ministers.

Military - note

the National Army is responsible for defense against external aggression, suppressing illegal military violence along the state border or inside the country, and supporting other internal security forces in maintaining public order if necessary; its primary focuses are Transnistrian separatist forces and their Russian backers; the 1992 war between Moldovan forces and the Transnistrian separatists backed by Russian troops ended with a cease-fire; the separatists maintain several armed paramilitary combat units, plus other security forces and reserves; Russia maintains approximately 1,500 troops in the breakaway region, including some Transnistrian locals who serve as Russian troops; some of those troops are under the authority of a peacekeeping force known as a Joint Control Commission that also includes Moldovan and separatist personnel, while the remainder of the Russian contingent guard a depot of Soviet-era ammunition and train Transnistrian separatist forces Moldova is constitutionally neutral but has maintained a relationship with NATO since 1992; bilateral cooperation started when Moldova joined NATO s Partnership for Peace program in 1994; Moldova has contributed small numbers of troops to NATO s Kosovo Force (KFOR) since 2014, and a civilian NATO liaison office was established in Moldova in 2017 at the request of the Moldovan Government to promote practical cooperation and facilitate support (2024)

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova (Forțele Armate ale Republicii Moldova): National Army (comprised of a General Staff, a Land Forces Command, and an Air Force Command) Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Carabinieri Inspectorate (aka Carabinieri Troops or Trupele de Carabinieri), General Police Inspectorate (GPI), General Inspectorate of the Border Police (2024) note: the Carabinieri is a quasi-militarized gendarmerie responsible for protecting public buildings, maintaining public order, and other national security functions; the GPI is the primary law enforcement body, responsible for internal security, public order, traffic, and criminal investigations; prior to 2012, the Border Police were under the armed forces and known as the Border Troops

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 6,500 active-duty troops; approximately 2,000 Carabinieri (2023)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received donated equipment from Western European nations and the US (2024)

Military expenditures

0.5% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.4% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.4% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.4% of GDP (2020 est.) 0.4% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation (2024) note: as of 2024, women made up about 23% of the military's full-time personnel

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.8% (male 266,493/female 266,166) 15-64 years: 70.2% (male 1,225,535/female 1,300,640) 65 years and over: 15% (2024 est.) (male 206,221/female 334,473)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 1.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 3.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

56% (2020)

Current health expenditure

6.8% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

67% (2023 est.)

Death rate

14.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 39.6 youth dependency ratio: 29.7 elderly dependency ratio: 20.4 potential support ratio: 4.9 (2021 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 98.9% of population rural: 87% of population total: 92.1% of population unimproved: urban: 1.1% of population rural: 13% of population total: 7.9% of population (2020 est.)

Education expenditures

6.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Moldovan 75.1%, Romanian 7%, Ukrainian 6.6%, Gagauz 4.6%, Russian 4.1%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 0.8% (2014 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.61 (2024 est.)

Hospital bed density

5.7 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Infant mortality rate

total: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.) male: 16 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% Moldovan; 23.5% Romanian), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014) major-language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Moldovan/Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: data represent mother tongue; as of March 2023, "Romanian" replaced "Moldovan" as the name of Moldova's official language

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 70.1 years (2024 est.) male: 66.1 years female: 74.4 years

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.6% male: 99.7% female: 99.5% (2021)

Major urban areas - population

488,000 CHISINAU (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

12 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 39.9 years (2024 est.) male: 38.6 years female: 41.3 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

25.2 years (2019 est.)

Nationality

noun: Moldovan(s) adjective: Moldovan

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

18.9% (2016)

Physician density

3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Population

total: 3,599,528 male: 1,698,249 female: 1,901,279 (2024 est.)

Population distribution

pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti

Population growth rate

-0.58% (2024 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic 0.1%, atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.9% (2014 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 99% of population rural: 83.1% of population total: 89.9% of population unimproved: urban: 1% of population rural: 16.9% of population total: 10.1% of population (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2021)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 29% (2020 est.) male: 51.7% (2020 est.) female: 6.2% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.26 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 43.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Illicit drugs

limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 116,855 (Ukraine) (as of 7 April 2024) stateless persons: 1,701 (2022)

Airports

11 (2024)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

ER

Merchant marine

total: 75 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 44, oil tanker 7, other 22

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,135,999 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 640,000 (2018) mt-km

Pipelines

2,026 km gas (2021) (2021)

Railways

total: 1,171 km (2014) standard gauge: 14 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge broad gauge: 1,157 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge

Roadways

total: 9,488 km (2022)

Waterways

558 km (2011) (in public use on Danube, Dniester and Prut Rivers)