Korea, South

Broadcast media

multiple national TV networks with 2 of the 3 largest networks publicly operated; the largest privately-owned network, Seoul Broadcasting Service (SBS), has ties with other commercial TV networks; cable and satellite TV subscription services available; publicly-operated radio broadcast networks and many privately-owned radio broadcasting networks, each with multiple affiliates, and independent local stations (2010)

Internet country code

.kr

Internet hosts

315,697 (2012) country comparison to the world: 62

Internet users

39.4 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 11

Telephone system

general assessment: excellent domestic and international services featuring rapid incorporation of new technologies domestic: fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available with a combined telephone subscribership of roughly 170 per 100 persons; rapid assimilation of a full range of telecommunications technologies leading to a boom in e-commerce international: country code - 82; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 66

Telephones - main lines in use

29.468 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 11

Telephones - mobile cellular

52.507 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 27

Agriculture - products

rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish

Budget

revenues: $271.9 billion expenditures: $249.2 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 21

Central bank discount rate

1.5% (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 131 1.25% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

5.8% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 146 5.77% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$22.1 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 17 $26.51 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$436.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 26 $449.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

31 (2010) country comparison to the world: 109 35.8 (2000)

Economy - overview

South Korea over the past four decades has demonstrated incredible growth and global integration to become a high-tech industrialized economy. In the 1960s, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, South Korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies, and currently is among the world's 20 largest economies. Initially, a system of close government and business ties, including directed credit and import restrictions, made this success possible. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods, and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model including high debt/equity ratios and massive short-term foreign borrowing. GDP plunged by 6.9% in 1998, and then recovered by 9% in 1999-2000. Korea adopted numerous economic reforms following the crisis, including greater openness to foreign investment and imports. Growth moderated to about 4% annually between 2003 and 2007. With the global economic downturn in late 2008, South Korean GDP growth slowed to 0.3% in 2009. In the third quarter of 2009, the economy began to recover, in large part due to export growth, low interest rates, and an expansionary fiscal policy. The US-South Korea Free Trade Agreement was ratified by both governments in 2011 and went into effect in March 2012. Throughout 2012 the economy experienced sluggish growth because of market slowdowns in the United States, China, and the Eurozone. The incoming administration in 2013, following the December 2012 presidential election, is likely to face the challenges of balancing heavy reliance on exports with developing domestic-oriented sectors, such as services. The South Korean economy's long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP.

Exchange rates

South Korean won (KRW) per US dollar - 1,132.8 (2012 est.) 1,108.29 (2011 est.) 1,156.1 (2010 est.) 1,276.93 (2009) 1,101.7 (2008)

Exports

$548.2 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 8 $552.8 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals

Exports - partners

China 24.4%, US 10.1%, Japan 7.1% (2011 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.151 trillion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.622 trillion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 13 $1.579 trillion (2011 est.) $1.524 trillion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 2.7% industry: 39.8% services: 57.5% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$32,400 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 40 $31,700 (2011 est.) $30,800 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

2.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 122 3.6% (2011 est.) 6.3% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 24.2% (2007)

Imports

$520.5 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 8 $521.6 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics

Imports - partners

China 16.5%, Japan 13%, US 8.5%, Saudi Arabia 7.1%, Australia 5% (2011 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

3.8% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 38 4% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

27.4% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 33

Labor force

25.18 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 6.4% industry: 24.2% services: 69.4% (2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$994.3 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 15 $1.089 trillion (31 December 2010) $836.5 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line

15% (2006 est.)

Public debt

33.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 106 33.6% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$319.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 8 $306.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$1.484 trillion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 14 $1.445 trillion (31 December 2010)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$190.4 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 23 $164.8 billion (31 December 2009)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$137.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 29 $131.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$1.356 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 15 $1.275 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$369.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 14 $352 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

23.6% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 135

Unemployment rate

3.8% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 3.4% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

579 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 8

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 139

Crude oil - imports

2.302 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 6

Crude oil - production

19,990 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 72

Crude oil - proved reserves

NA bbl

Electricity - consumption

455.1 billion kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2011) country comparison to the world: 215

Electricity - from fossil fuels

69.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 135

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

22% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 8

Electricity - from other renewable sources

1.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 66

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2011) country comparison to the world: 207

Electricity - installed generating capacity

80.59 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 14

Electricity - production

459.5 billion kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Natural gas - consumption

45.9 billion cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 99

Natural gas - imports

46.83 billion cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 9

Natural gas - production

539.3 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

Natural gas - proved reserves

7.079 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Refined petroleum products - consumption

2.23 million bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Refined petroleum products - exports

907,100 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 8

Refined petroleum products - imports

753,900 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 9

Refined petroleum products - production

2.476 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 8

Area

total: 99,720 sq km country comparison to the world: 109 land: 96,920 sq km water: 2,800 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Indiana

Climate

temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Coastline

2,413 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m

Environment - current issues

air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing

Environment - international agreements

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 18.59 cu km/yr (36%/16%/48%) per capita: 389 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

37 00 N, 127 30 E

Geography - note

strategic location on Korea Strait

Irrigated land

8,320 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 238 km border countries: North Korea 238 km

Land use

arable land: 16.58% permanent crops: 2.01% other: 81.41% (2005)

Location

Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Strait contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: not specified

Natural hazards

occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest volcanism: Halla (elev. 1,950 m) is considered historically active although it has not erupted in many centuries

Natural resources

coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential

Terrain

mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south

Total renewable water resources

69.7 cu km (1999)

Administrative divisions

9 provinces (do, singular and plural), 6 metropolitan cities (gwangyoksi, singular and plural), 1 special city, and 1 special self-governing city provinces: Chungbuk (North Chungcheong), Chungnam (South Chungcheong), Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongbuk (North Gyeongsang), Gyeongnam (South Gyeongsang), Jeju, Jeonbuk (North Jeolla), Jeonnam (South Jeolla) metropolitan cities: Busan (Pusan), Daegu (Taegu), Daejon (Taejon), Gwangju (Kwangju), Incheon (Inch'on), Ulsan special city: Seoul special self-governing city: Sejong

Capital

name: Seoul geographic coordinates: 37 33 N, 126 59 E time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten many times; current constitution approved 29 October 1987

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Korea conventional short form: South Korea local long form: Taehan-min'guk local short form: Han'guk abbreviation: ROK

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Sung Y. KIM embassy: 32 Sejongno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-710 mailing address: US Embassy Seoul, APO AP 96205-5550 telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114 FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador CHOI Young-jin chancery: 2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-5600 FAX: [1] (202) 387-0205 consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Seattle

Executive branch

chief of state: President LEE Myung-bak (since 25 February 2008); President-Elect PARK Geun-hye (inauguration 25 February 2013) head of government: Prime Minister KIM Hwang-sik (since 1 October 2010) cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term; LEE Myung-bak elected on 19 December 2007, PARK Geun-hye elected on 19 December 2012; next election to be held in December 2017; prime minister appointed by president with consent of National Assembly election results: LEE Myung-bak (imcumbent) elected president on 19 December 2007; percent of vote - LEE Myung-bak (GNP) 48.7%; CHUNG Dong-young (UNDP) 26.1%); LEE Hoi-chang (independent) 15.1%; others 10.1%; PARK Geun-Hye elected president on 19 December 2012 (takes office on 25 February 2013); percent of vote - PARK Geun-Hye (NFP) 51.6%, MOON Jae-In (DUP) 48%, others 0.4%

Flag description

white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite positive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony

Government type

republic

Independence

15 August 1945 (from Japan)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president with consent of National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices appointed by the president based partly on nominations by National Assembly and Chief Justice of the court)

Legal system

mixed legal system combining European civil law, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Gukhoe (300 seats; 246 members elected in single-seat constituencies, 54 elected by proportional representation; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 11 April 2012 (next to be held in April 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NFP 152, DUP 127, UPP 13, LFP 5, independents 3

National anthem

name: "Aegukga" (Patriotic Song) lyrics/music: YUN Ch'i-Ho or AN Ch'ang-Ho/AHN Eaktay note: adopted 1948, well known by 1910; both North Korea and South Korea's anthems share the same name and have a vaguely similar melody but have different lyrics

National holiday

Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)

National symbol(s)

taegeuk (yin yang symbol)

Political parties and leaders

Democratic United Party or DUP (formerly the Democratic Party or DP) [MOON Hee-sang]; Liberty Forward Party or LFP (now part of the NFP); New Frontier Party or Saenuri (formerly Grand National Party) or NFP [HWANG Woo-yea]; Progressive Justice Party or PJP [ROH Hoe-chan]; United Progressive Party or UPP [KANG Byeong-gi]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National Federation of Student Associations

Suffrage

19 years of age; universal

Background

An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. In 1910, Tokyo formally annexed the entire Peninsula. Korea regained its independence following Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945. After World War II, a democratic-based government (Republic of Korea, ROK) was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a Communist-style government was installed in the north (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK). During the Korean War (1950-53), US troops and UN forces fought alongside soldiers from the ROK to defend South Korea from a DPRK invasion that was supported by China and the Soviet Union. An armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. Thereafter, South Korea under the PARK Chung-hee regime (1961-79) achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income rising to roughly 17 times the level of North Korea. In 1993, KIM Young-sam (1993-98) became South Korea's first civilian president following 32 years of military rule. South Korea today is a fully functioning modern democracy. President LEE Myung-bak has pursued a policy of global engagement since taking office in February 2008, highlighted by Seoul's hosting of the G-20 summit in November 2010 and the Nuclear Security Summit in March 2012, as well as securing South Korea nonpermanent membership (2013-14) on the UN Security Council and the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Serious tensions with North Korea have punctuated inter-Korean relations in recent years, including the North's sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan in March 2010 and its artillery attack on South Korean soldiers and citizens in November 2010.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 13,185,794 females age 16-49: 12,423,496 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 10,864,566 females age 16-49: 10,168,709 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 365,760 female: 321,225 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Republic of Korea Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force (2011)

Military expenditures

2.7% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 51

Military service age and obligation

20-30 years of age for compulsory military service, with middle school education required; conscript service obligation - 21 months (Army, Marines), 23 months (Navy), 24 months (Air Force); 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, admitted to 7 service branches, including infantry, but excluded from artillery, armor, anti-air, and chaplaincy corps; HIV-positive individuals are exempt from military service (2010)

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.1% (male 3,844,033/ female 3,533,963) 15-64 years: 73% (male 18,228,643/ female 17,463,195) 65 years and over: 11.9% (male 2,365,749/ female 3,424,917) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

8.42 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 216

Death rate

6.38 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Education expenditures

4.2% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 95

Ethnic groups

homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

less than 0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 134

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 90

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

9,500 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 100

Health expenditures

6.5% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 90

Hospital bed density

12.28 beds/1,000 population (2008)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.08 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 198 male: 4.29 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

Korean, English (widely taught in junior high and high school)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 79.3 years country comparison to the world: 41 male: 76.12 years female: 82.7 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.9% male: 99.2% female: 96.6% (2002)

Major cities - population

SEOUL (capital) 9.778 million; Busan (Pusan) 3.439 million; Incheon (Inch'on) 2.572 million; Daegu (Taegu) 2.458 million; Daejon (Taejon) 1.497 million (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

16 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 143

Median age

total: 39 years male: 37.6 years female: 40.4 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Korean(s) adjective: Korean

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

3.2% (2001) country comparison to the world: 64

Physicians density

1.967 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population

48,860,500 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 25

Population growth rate

0.204% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 176

Religions

Christian 31.6% (Protestant 24%, Roman Catholic 7.6%), Buddhist 24.2%, other or unknown 0.9%, none 43.3% (2010 survey)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 17 years male: 18 years female: 16 years (2008)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.23 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 219

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 9.8% country comparison to the world: 104 male: 11.9% female: 8.5% (2009)

Urbanization

urban population: 83% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km-wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the Northern Limit Line, which South Korea claims as a maritime boundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954

Airports

114 (2012) country comparison to the world: 50

Airports - with paved runways

total: 71 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 22 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 43 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 41 (2012)

Heliports

510 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 786 country comparison to the world: 14 by type: bulk carrier 191, cargo 235, carrier 8, chemical tanker 130, container 72, liquefied gas 44, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 15, petroleum tanker 55, refrigerated cargo 15, roll on/roll off 10, vehicle carrier 6 foreign-owned: 31 (China 6, France 2, Japan 14, Taiwan 1, US 8) registered in other countries: 457 (Bahamas 1, Cambodia 10, Ghana 1, Honduras 6, Hong Kong 3, Indonesia 2, Kiribati 1, Liberia 2, Malta 2, Marshall Islands 41, North Korea 1, Panama 373, Philippines 1, Russia 1, Singapore 3, Tuvalu 1, unknown 8) (2010)

Pipelines

gas 2,139 km; refined products 864 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Incheon (Inch'on), Pohang (P'ohang), Busan (Pusan), Ulsan, Yeosu (Yosu)

Railways

total: 3,381 km country comparison to the world: 51 standard gauge: 3,381 km 1.435-m gauge (1,843 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways

total: 103,029 km country comparison to the world: 40 paved: 80,642 km (includes 3,367 km of expressways) unpaved: 22,387 km (2008)

Waterways

1,600 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2011) country comparison to the world: 49