Hungary

Broadcast media

mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly-owned TV channels and the 2 main privately-owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels have emerged; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing multi-channel services; 3 state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national commercial stations; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition postponed to the end of 2012 (2007)

Internet country code

.hu

Internet hosts

2.655 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 30

Internet users

6.176 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 41

Telephone system

general assessment: the telephone system has been modernized; the system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996 domestic: competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections international: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals

Telephones - main lines in use

2.977 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 51

Telephones - mobile cellular

12.012 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 60

Agriculture - products

wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products

Budget

revenues: $58.17 billion expenditures: $63.71 billion (2010 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-4.3% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 131

Central bank discount rate

5.75% (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 63 6.25% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

7.592% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 96 11.058% (31 December 2009 est.)

Current account balance

$2.692 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 44 $472 million (2009 est.)

Debt - external

$232.5 billion (30 June 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 31 $179 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

24.7 (2009) country comparison to the world: 139 24.4 (1998)

Economy - overview

Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-25 average. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment worth more than $70 billion. The government's austerity measures, imposed since late 2006, have reduced the budget deficit from over 9% of GDP in 2006 to 3.2% in 2010, with a target of less than 3% in 2011. Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis in late 2008 - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and fixed asset accumulation, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in an economic contraction of 6.3% in 2009. In 2010 the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed "crisis taxes" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The economy rebounded in 2010 with a big boost from exports, especially to Germany, and growth of more than 2.5% is expected in 2011. Unemployment remained high, at more than 10% in 2010.

Electricity - consumption

42.7 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 49

Electricity - exports

4.703 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

9.879 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

37.55 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Exchange rates

forints (HUF) per US dollar - 206.15 (2010) 202.34 (2009) 171.8 (2008) 183.83 (2007) 210.39 (2006)

Exports

$93.29 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 36 $81.56 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment 61.1%, other manufactures 28.7%, food products 6.5%, raw materials 2%, fuels and electricity 1.6% (2009 est.)

Exports - partners

Germany 25.5%, Italy 5.5%, UK 5.4%, Romania 5.3%, Slovakia 5.1%, France 4.9%, Austria 4.7% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$129 billion (2010 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$187.6 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 55 $185.4 billion (2009 est.) $198.7 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 2.4% industry: 36.9% services: 60.7% (2010 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$18,800 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 65 $18,500 (2009 est.) $19,800 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

1.2% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 166 -6.7% (2009 est.) 0.8% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 22.6% (2009)

Imports

$87.08 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 34 $76.78 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment 50%, fuels and electricity 11%, food products, raw materials

Imports - partners

Germany 26.1%, Russia 7.7%, China 6.8%, Austria 5.9%, Netherlands 4.4%, Poland 4.3%, Italy 4.2% (2010 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

10.5% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 23

Industries

mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.9% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 146 4.2% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

19.3% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Labor force

4.23 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 85

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 4.7% industry: 30.9% services: 64.4% (2010)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$27.71 billion (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 58 $28.29 billion (31 December 2009) $18.58 billion (31 December 2008)

Natural gas - consumption

12.05 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 44

Natural gas - exports

227 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

Natural gas - imports

9.636 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 25

Natural gas - production

2.494 billion cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 55

Natural gas - proved reserves

8.098 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Oil - consumption

146,600 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Oil - exports

69,820 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Oil - imports

171,600 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 57

Oil - production

34,480 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 66

Oil - proved reserves

26.57 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Population below poverty line

13.9% (2010)

Public debt

80.2% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 21 78.4% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$44.99 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 36 $44.18 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$68.82 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 62 $76.38 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$22.17 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 $20.49 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$71.47 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 47 $68.97 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$104.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 49 $110.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$31.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 57 $32.55 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

45.1% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Unemployment rate

11.2% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 122 10% (2009 est.)

Area

total: 93,028 sq km country comparison to the world: 110 land: 89,608 sq km water: 3,420 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Indiana

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Tisza River 78 m highest point: Kekes 1,014 m

Environment - current issues

the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 21.03 cu km/yr (9%/59%/32%) per capita: 2,082 cu m/yr (2001)

Geographic coordinates

47 00 N, 20 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions

Irrigated land

1,400 sq km (2008)

Land boundaries

total: 2,185 km border countries: Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia 166 km, Slovakia 676 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km

Land use

arable land: 49.58% permanent crops: 2.06% other: 48.36% (2005)

Location

Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural resources

bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border

Total renewable water resources

120 cu km (2005)

Administrative divisions

19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 urban counties (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros) counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala urban counties: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg capital city: Budapest

Capital

name: Budapest geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution

25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Hungary conventional short form: Hungary local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag local short form: Magyarorszag

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Eleni Tsakopoulos KOUNALAKIS embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270 telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400 FAX: [36] (1) 475-4764

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Gyorgy SZAPARY chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730 FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Executive branch

chief of state: President Pal SCHMITT (since 6 August 2010) head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010) cabinet: Council of Ministers prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; other ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed and relieved of their duties by the president (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 29 June 2010 (next to be held by June 2015); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held 29 May 2010 election results: Pal SCHMITT elected president; National Assembly vote - Pal SCHMITT 263, Andras BALOGH 58; Viktor ORBAN was elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 261 to 107 note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the third round

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country

Government type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms); Curia (highest court; head of Curia elected by National Assembly, the other judges elected by the president on recommendation of the head of the National Office of the Courts, a separate administrative body); Regional Courts of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president)

Legal system

civil legal system influenced by the German model

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 11 and 25 April 2010 (next to be held in April 2014) election results: percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - Fidesz 52.7%, MSzP 19.3%, Jobbik 16.7%, LMP 7.5%; seats by party - Fidesz 263, MSzP 59, Jobbik 47, LMP 16, independent 1

National anthem

name: "Himnusz" (Hymn) lyrics/music: Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL note: adopted 1844; the anthem is also known as "Isten, aldd meg a magyart" (God, Bless the Hungarians)

National holiday

Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)

National symbol(s)

Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); turul (falcon)

Political parties and leaders

Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]; Democratic Coalition [Ferenc GYURCSANY]; Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP [Attila MESTERHAZY]; Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA]; Politics Can Be Different or LMP [13-member leadership]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Air Work Group (works to reduce air pollution in towns and cities); Danube Circle (protests the building of the Gabchikovo-Nagymaros dam); Fourth Republic (Negyedik Koztarsasag) or 4K! (anti-Orban, pro-democracy Facebook movement emerged from a Facebook group, One Million for Freedom of the Press, and plans to form a leftist political party); Green Future (protests the impact of lead contamination of local factory on health of the people); Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy); Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system); environmentalists: Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (Magyar Madartani Egyesulet) or MME; Green Alternative (Zold Alternativa)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under Communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later. In 2011, Hungary assumed the six-month rotating presidency of the EU for the first time.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 2,349,948 females age 16-49: 2,290,568 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 1,902,639 females age 16-49: 1,897,378 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 59,237 female: 55,533 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)

Military expenditures

1.75% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2010)

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.9% (male 767,824/female 721,242) 15-64 years: 68.2% (male 3,361,538/female 3,444,450) 65 years and over: 16.9% (male 622,426/female 1,058,582) (2011 est.)

Birth rate

9.6 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 199

Death rate

12.68 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2008)

Education expenditures

5.2% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 52

Ethnic groups

Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

less than 0.1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 130

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 200 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

3,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Health expenditures

8.2% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 53

Hospital bed density

7.04 beds/1,000 population (2008) country comparison to the world: 14

Infant mortality rate

total: 5.31 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 180 male: 5.57 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

Languages

Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 74.79 years country comparison to the world: 92 male: 71.04 years female: 78.76 years (2011 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.4% male: 99.5% female: 99.3% (2003 est.)

Major cities - population

BUDAPEST (capital) 1.705 million (2009)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

13 deaths/100,000 live births (2008) country comparison to the world: 136

Median age

total: 40.2 years male: 38.1 years female: 42.8 years (2011 est.)

Nationality

noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian

Net migration rate

1.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

17.7% (2004) country comparison to the world: 25

Physicians density

3.097 physicians/1,000 population (2008) country comparison to the world: 36

Population

9,976,062 (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Population growth rate

-0.17% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 210

Religions

Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated 14.5% (2001 census)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2008)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2008)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.057 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.4 children born/woman (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 199

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 26.5% country comparison to the world: 22 male: 28.2% female: 24.2% (2009)

Urbanization

urban population: 68% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy

Airports

43 (2010) country comparison to the world: 99

Airports - with paved runways

total: 22 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 2 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 21 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 11 (2010)

Heliports

5 (2010)

Pipelines

gas 4,716 km; oil 984 km; refined products 361 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs

Railways

total: 9,208 km country comparison to the world: 23 broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge standard gauge: 7,802 km 1.435-m gauge (2,911 km electrified) narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2009)

Roadways

total: 197,519 km country comparison to the world: 25 paved: 74,993 km (43,898 km of interurban roads including 911 km of expressways) unpaved: 112,526 km (2010)

Waterways

1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2010) country comparison to the world: 48