Gibraltar

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 19,232 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 65 (2018 est.)

Broadcast media

Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) provides TV and radio broadcasting services via 1 TV station and 4 radio stations; British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) operates 1 radio station; broadcasts from Spanish radio and TV stations are accessible

Internet country code

.gi

Internet users

total: 27,823 | percent of population: 94.44% (July 2018 est.)

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international facilities (2018) | domestic: automatic exchange facilities; 50 per 100 fixed-line and 120 per 100 mobile-cellular (2019) | international: country code - 350; landing point for the EIG to Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East via submarine cables; radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 14,865 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 50.35 (2019 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 35,510 | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120.28 (2019 est.)

Agriculture - products

none

Budget

revenues: 475.8 million (2008 est.) | expenditures: 452.3 million (2008 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

1.1% (of GDP) (2008 est.)

Debt - external

NA

Economic overview

Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. Tax rates are low to attract foreign investment. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment. The financial sector, tourism (over 11 million visitors in 2012), gaming revenues, shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, tourism, and the shipping sector contribute 30%, 30%, and 25%, respectively, of GDP. Telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-gaming account for the remaining 15%.

Exchange rates

Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - | 0.885 (2017 est.) | 0.903 (2016 est.) | 0.9214 (2015 est.) | 0.885 (2014 est.) | 0.7634 (2013 est.)

Exports

$202.3 million (2014 est.) | $271 million (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities

(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods (2010 est.)

Exports - partners

Spain 27.1%, Germany 20.4%, Netherlands 10.8%, Poland 8.6%, France 6.6%, Italy 5.7%, Cote dIvoire 4.5% (2017)

Fiscal year

1 July - 30 June

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.044 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity) - real

$2.044 billion (2014 est.) | $1.85 billion (2013 est.) | $2 billion (2012 est.) | note: data are in 2014 dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 0% (2016 est.) | industry: 0% (2008 est.) | services: 100% (2016 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$61,700 (2014 est.) | $43,000 (2008 est.) | $41,200 (2007 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA | highest 10%: NA

Imports

$2.967 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities

fuels, manufactured goods, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

Spain 15.6%, Italy 13.4%, US 13.3%, Netherlands 10.9%, Greece 8.5%, Russia 6.6%, UK 5.8%, Belgium 4.4% (2017)

Industrial production growth rate

NA

Industries

tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2.5% (2013 est.) | 2.2% (2012 est.)

Labor force

24,420 (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: NEGL | industry: 1.8% | services: 98.2% (2014 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA

Public debt

7.5% of GDP (2008 est.) | 8.4% of GDP (2006 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

23.3% (of GDP) (2008 est.)

Unemployment rate

1% (2016 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

13.34 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption

230.8 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

43,000 kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production

238.8 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2020)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

78,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

74,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Area

total: 7 sq km | land: 6.5 sq km | water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

more than 10 times the size of The National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Climate

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Coastline

12 km

Elevation

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m | highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m

Environment - current issues

limited natural freshwater resources: more than 90% of drinking water supplied by desalination, the remainder from stored rainwater; a separate supply of saltwater used for sanitary services

Geographic coordinates

36 08 N, 5 21 W

Geography - note

note 1: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea note 2: one of only two British territories where traffic drives on the right, the other being the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory

Irrigated land

NA

Land boundaries

total: 1.2 km | border countries (1): Spain 1.2 km

Land use

agricultural land: 0% (2011 est.) | arable land: 0% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 0% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 0% (2011 est.) | forest: 0% (2011 est.) | other: 100% (2011 est.)

Location

Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 3 nm

Natural hazards

occasional droughts; no streams or large bodies of water on the peninsula (all potable water comes from desalination)

Natural resources

none

Terrain

a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar

Administrative divisions

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Capital

name: Gibraltar | geographic coordinates: 36 08 N, 5 21 W | time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October | etymology: from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic "Jabal Tariq," which means "Mountain of Tariq" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar

Citizenship

see United Kingdom

Constitution

history: previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007 | amendments: proposed by Parliament and require prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament

Country name

conventional long form: none | conventional short form: Gibraltar | etymology: from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic "Jabal Tariq," which means "Mountain of Tariq" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar

Dependency status

overseas territory of the UK

Diplomatic representation from the US

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation in the US

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Executive branch

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Lt. Gen. Edward DAVIS (since 19 January 2016) | head of government: Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011) | cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister | elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor

Flag description

two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean

Government type

parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK

Independence

none (overseas territory of the UK)

International organization participation

ICC (NGOs), Interpol (subbureau), UPU

Judicial branch

highest courts: Court of Appeal (consists of at least 3 judges, including the court president); Supreme Court of Gibraltar (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) | judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal and Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 7-member body of judges and appointees of the governor; tenure of the Court of Appeal president based on terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice and judges normally appointed until retirement at age 67 but tenure can be extended 3 years | subordinate courts: Court of First Instance; Magistrates' Court; specialized tribunals for issues relating to social security, taxes, and employment

Legal system

the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Parliament (18 seats; 17 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by majority vote and 1 appointed by Parliament as speaker; members serve 4-year terms) (e.g. 2019) | elections: last held on 17 October 2019 (next to be held in 2023) (e.g. 2019) | election results: percent of vote by party - GSLP-Liberal Alliance 52.5% (GSLP 37.0%, LPG 15.5%), GSD 25.6%; seats by party - GSLP-Liberal Alliance 10 (GSLP 7, LPG 3), GSD 6; composition of elected members - men 15, women 2, percent of women 11.8% (e.g. 2019)

National anthem

name: Gibraltar Anthem | lyrics/music: Peter EMBERLEY | note: adopted 1994; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, "God Save the Queen" is official (see United Kingdom)

National holiday

National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or join Spain

National symbol(s)

Barbary macaque; national colors: red, white, yellow

Political parties and leaders

Gibraltar Liberal Party or Liberal Party of Gibraltar or LPG [Joseph GARCIA] Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Keith AZOPARDI] Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Fabian PICARDO] GSLP-Liberal Alliance (includes GSLP and LPG) Together Gibraltar or TG [Marlene HASSAN-NAHON]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal; and British citizens with six months residence or more

Background

Strategically important, Gibraltar was reluctantly ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In a referendum held in 1967, Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency. The subsequent granting of autonomy in 1969 by the UK led Spain to close the border and sever all communication links. Between 1997 and 2002, the UK and Spain held a series of talks on establishing temporary joint sovereignty over Gibraltar. In response to these talks, the Gibraltar Government called a referendum in late 2002 in which the majority of citizens voted overwhelmingly against any sharing of sovereignty with Spain. Since late 2004, Spain, the UK, and Gibraltar have held tripartite talks with the aim of cooperatively resolving problems that affect the local population, and work continues on cooperation agreements in areas such as taxation and financial services; communications and maritime security; policy, legal and customs services; environmental protection; and education and visa services. A new noncolonial constitution came into force in 2007, and the European Court of First Instance recognized Gibraltar's right to regulate its own tax regime in December 2008. The UK retains responsibility for defense, foreign relations, internal security, and financial stability. Spain and the UK continue to spar over the territory. Throughout 2009, a dispute over Gibraltar's claim to territorial waters extending out three miles gave rise to periodic non-violent maritime confrontations between Spanish and UK naval patrols and in 2013, the British reported a record number of entries by Spanish vessels into waters claimed by Gibraltar following a dispute over Gibraltar's creation of an artificial reef in those waters. Spain renewed its demands for an eventual return of Gibraltar to Spanish control after the UK’s June 2016 vote to leave the EU, but London has dismissed any connection between the vote and its continued sovereignty over Gibraltar. The EU has said that Gibraltar will be ouside the territorial scope of any future UK-EU trade deal and that separate agreements between the EU and UK regarding Gibraltar would require Spain's prior approval.

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Gibraltar Regiment replaced the last British regular infantry forces in 1991 (2019)

Military and security forces

Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2019)

Age structure

0-14 years: 20.24% (male 3,080/female 2,907) | 15-24 years: 13.07% (male 2,000/female 1,866) | 25-54 years: 41.28% (male 6,289/female 5,922) | 55-64 years: 8.71% (male 1,082/female 1,495) | 65 years and over: 16.7% (male 2,378/female 2,562) (2020 est.) | population pyramid: The World Factbook Field Image Modal × Europe :: Gibraltar Print Image Description This is the population pyramid for Gibraltar. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends. For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.

Birth rate

13.8 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Death rate

8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population | total: 100% of population | unimproved: urban: 0% of population | total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Gibraltarian 79%, other British 13.2%, Spanish 2.1%, Moroccan 1.6%, other EU 2.4%, other 1.6% (2012 est.) | note: data represent population by nationality

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Infant mortality rate

total: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births | male: 6.2 deaths/1,000 live births | female: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)

Languages

English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 80 years | male: 77.1 years | female: 83 years (2020 est.)

Major urban areas - population

35,000 GIBRALTAR (capital) (2018)

Median age

total: 35.5 years | male: 34.4 years | female: 36.6 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

noun: Gibraltarian(s) | adjective: Gibraltar

Net migration rate

-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Population

29,581 (July 2020 est.)

Population growth rate

0.2% (2020 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 72.1%, Church of England 7.7%, other Christian 3.8%, Muslim 3.6%, Jewish 2.4%, Hindu 2%, other 1.1%, none 7.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2012 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 100% of population | total: 100% of population | unimproved: urban: 0% of population | total: 0% of population (2017)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female | 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female | 15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female | 25-54 years: 1.06 male(s)/female | 55-64 years: 0.72 male(s)/female | 65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female | total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.9 children born/woman (2020 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 100% of total population (2020) | rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) | total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030: PDF

Disputes - international

in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even greater autonomy

Airports

1 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 1 (2017) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

VP-G (2016)

Merchant marine

total: 232 | by type: bulk carrier 10, container ship 24, general cargo 71, oil tanker 24, other 103 (2019)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Gibraltar

Roadways

total: 29 km (2007) | paved: 29 km (2007)