Botswana

Airports

total: 100 usable: 87 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 29

Highways

11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth

Railroads

712 km 1.067-meter gauge

Telecommunications

the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

Affiliation

(territory of Norway)

Branches

Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana National Police

Defense expenditures

exchange rate conversion - $196 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY93/94)

Manpower availability

males age 15-49 282,885; fit for military service 148,895; reach military age (18) annually 14,868 (1993 est.)

Agriculture

accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle raising supports 50% of the population; must import up to of 80% of food needs

Budget

revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.99 billion, including capital expenditures of $652 million (FY94)

Currency

1 pula (P) = 100 thebe

Economic aid

US aid, $13 million (1992); US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $29 million; in 1992: Norway (largest donor) $16 million, Sweden $15.5 million, Germany $3.6 million, EC/Lome-IV $3-6 million in grants, $28.7 million in long-term projects

Electricity

220,000 kW capacity; 1,123 million kWh produced, 846 kWh per capita (1991)

Exchange rates

pula (P) per US$1 - 2.31 (February 1993), 2.1327 (1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988)

Exports

$1.6 billion (f.o.b. 1991) commodities: diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 8%, meat 4% partners: Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union)

External debt

$344 million (December 1991)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Imports

$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products partners: Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US

Industrial production

growth rate 6.9% (1991); accounts for about 53% of GDP, including mining

Industries

mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

16.5% (December 1992)

National product

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion (FY92 est.)

National product per capita

$2,450 (FY92 est.)

National product real growth rate

5.8% (FY92 est.)

Overview

The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population, but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 to 50% in 1991. No other sector has experienced such growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond production was down slightly in 1992, substantial gains in coal output and manufacturing helped boost the economy

Unemployment rate

25% (1989)

Area

total area: 600,370 km2 land area: 585,370 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas

Climate

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Environment

overgrazing, desertification

International disputes

short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; disputed island with Namibia in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; recent dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Sidudu Island in Linyanti River

Irrigated land

20 km2 (1989 est.)

Land boundaries

total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km

Land use

arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 75% forest and woodland: 2% other: 21%

Location

Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Map references

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims

none; landlocked

Natural resources

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

Note

landlocked

Terrain

predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest

Administrative divisions

10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; in addition, there are 4 town councils - Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Phikwe

Capital

Gaborone

Constitution

March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Digraph

BC

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission: Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE chancery: Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 244-4990 or 4991

Elections

National Assembly: last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3 President: last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President Sir Ketumile MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly

Executive branch

president, vice president, Cabinet

Flag

light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center

Independence

30 September 1966 (from UK)

Judicial branch

High Court, Court of Appeal

Leaders

Chief of State and Head of Government: President Sir Ketunile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Festus MOGAE (since 9 March 1992 )

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs and a lower house or National Assembly

Member of

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Names

conventional long form: Republic of Botswana conventional short form: Botswana former: Bechuanaland

National holiday

Independence Day, 30 September (1966)

Political parties and leaders

Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO

Suffrage

21 years of age; universal

Type

parliamentary republic

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission: Ambassador David PASSAGE embassy: address NA, Gaborone mailing address: P. O. Box 90, Gaborone telephone: [267] 353-982 FAX: [267] 356-947

Birth rate

33.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate

8.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic divisions

Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, white 1%

Infant mortality rate

40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force

400,000 by occupation: 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in various mines in South Africa (1990)

Languages

English (official), Setswana

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 62.54 years male: 59.52 years female: 65.65 years (1993 est.)

Literacy

age 15 and over able to read and write simple sentences (1990) total population: 72% male: 67% female: 74%

Nationality

noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population

1,325,920 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate

2.53% (1993 est.)

Religions

indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%

Total fertility rate

4.25 children born/woman (1993 est.)