Bahrain

Broadcast media

state-run broadcast media; Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; state-run BRTC broadcasts over several radio stations; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2007)

Internet country code

.bh

Internet hosts

53,944 (2010) country comparison to the world: 86

Internet users

419,500 (2009) country comparison to the world: 122

Telephone system

general assessment: modern system domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones international: country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2007)

Telephones - main lines in use

238,400 (2009) country comparison to the world: 123

Telephones - mobile cellular

1.578 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 137

Agriculture - products

fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish

Commercial bank prime lending rate

NA% (31 December 2009 est.) NA% (31 December 2008 est.)

Current account balance

$589 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 51 $560.2 million (2009 est.)

Debt - external

$14.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 79 $10.55 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Economy - overview

Bahrain is one of the most diversified economies in the Persian Gulf. Highly developed communication and transport facilities make Bahrain home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. Bahrain's economy, however, continues to depend heavily on oil. Petroleum production and refining account for more than 60% of Bahrain's export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP (exclusive of allied industries). Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain competes with Malaysia as a worldwide center for Islamic banking and continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. Unemployment, especially among the young, is a long-term economic problem Bahrain struggles to address. In 2009, to help lower unemployment among Bahraini nationals, Bahrain reduced sponsorship for expatriate workers, increasing the costs of employing foreign labor. The global financial crisis caused funding for many non-oil projects to dry up and resulted in slower economic growth for Bahrain. Other challenges facing Bahrain include the slow growth of government debt as a result of a large subsidy program, the financing of large government projects, and debt restructuring, such as the bailout of state-owned Gulf Air.

Electricity - consumption

10.1 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - production

10.25 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 91

Exchange rates

Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - 0.376 (2010), 0.376 (2009), 0.376 (2008), 0.376 (2007), 0.376 (2006)

Exports

$15.13 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 75 $12.05 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles

Exports - partners

India 4.2%, Saudi Arabia 2.78% (2009)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$21.73 billion (2010 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$29.82 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 108 $28.7 billion (2009 est.) $27.83 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 0.5% industry: 56.6% services: 42.9% (2010 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$40,400 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 19 $39,400 (2009 est.) $38,700 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

3.9% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 3.1% (2009 est.) 6.3% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$12.14 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 $9.613 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities

crude oil, machinery, chemicals

Imports - partners

Saudi Arabia 22.91%, France 9.76%, US 7.95%, China 6.4%, South Korea 5.26%, Japan 5.19%, Germany 5.01%, UK 4.34% (2009)

Industrial production growth rate

1.5% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 138

Industries

petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.3% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 2.8% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

26.6% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 34

Labor force

611,000 country comparison to the world: 154 note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2010 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 1% industry: 79% services: 20% (1997 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$16.93 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 60 $21.18 billion (31 December 2008) $28.13 billion (31 December 2007)

Natural gas - consumption

12.64 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 43

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 48

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Natural gas - production

12.64 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 38

Natural gas - proved reserves

92.03 billion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Oil - consumption

39,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 104

Oil - exports

238,300 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 49

Oil - imports

228,400 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 40

Oil - production

48,560 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

Oil - proved reserves

124.6 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 66

Population below poverty line

NA%

Public debt

59.2% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 35 38.5% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$3.766 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 78 $3.54 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$21.02 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 81 $18.93 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$8.399 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 51 $7.549 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$15.77 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 73 $15 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$18.46 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 81 $16.34 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$6.372 billion (31 December 2010 est) country comparison to the world: 80 $5.74 billion (31 December 2009 est)

Unemployment rate

15% (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 148

Area

total: 760 sq km country comparison to the world: 187 land: 760 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Climate

arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Coastline

161 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

Environment - current issues

desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs)

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 0.3 cu km/yr (40%/3%/57%) per capita: 411 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

26 00 N, 50 33 E

Geography - note

close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean

Irrigated land

40 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

arable land: 2.82% permanent crops: 5.63% other: 91.55% (2005)

Location

Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia

Map references

Middle East

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined

Natural hazards

periodic droughts; dust storms

Natural resources

oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls

Terrain

mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment

Total renewable water resources

0.1 cu km (1997)

Administrative divisions

5 governorates; Asamah, Janubiyah, Muharraq, Shamaliyah, Wasat note: each governorate administered by an appointed governor

Capital

name: Manama geographic coordinates: 26 14 N, 50 34 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

adopted 14 February 2002

Country name

conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain conventional short form: Bahrain local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn local short form: Al Bahrayn former: Dilmun

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph Adam ERELI embassy: Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 331, Zinj District, Manama mailing address: PSC 451, Box 660, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama telephone: [973] 1724-2700 FAX: [973] 1727-0547

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Huda Azra Ibrahim NUNU chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 342-1111 FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch

chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969) head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa, Jawad bin Salim al-ARAIDH cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch

Flag description

red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam note: until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag

Government type

constitutional monarchy

Independence

15 August 1971 (from the UK)

International organization participation

ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CICA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

High Civil Appeals Court

Legal system

based on Islamic law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

bicameral legislature consists of the Consultative Council (40 members appointed by the King) and the Council of Representatives or Chamber of Deputies (40 seats; members directly elected to serve four-year terms) elections: Council of Representatives - last held in two rounds on 23 and 30 October 2010 (next election to be held in 2014) election results: Council of Representatives - percent of vote by society - NA; seats by society - al Wifaq (Shia) 18, al Asala (Sunni Salafi) 3, al Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 2, independents 17

National anthem

name: "Bahrainona" (Our Bahrain) lyrics/music: unknown note: adopted 1971; although Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, they were changed in 2002 following the transformation of Bahrain from an emirate to a kingdom

National holiday

National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection

Political parties and leaders

political parties prohibited but political societies were legalized per a July 2005 law

Political pressure groups and leaders

Shia activists; Sunni Islamist legislators other: several small leftist and other groups are active

Suffrage

20 years of age; universal

Background

In 1783, the al-Khalifa family captured Bahrain from the Persians. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has transformed itself into an international banking center. King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa, after coming to power in 1999, pushed economic and political reforms to improve relations with the Shia community. Shia political societies participated in 2010 parliamentary and municipal elections. Al Wifaq, the largest Shia political society, won the largest number of seats in the elected chamber of the legislature. However, Shia discontent has resurfaced in recent years with street demonstrations and occasional low-level violence.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 208,365 females age 16-49: 174,375 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 170,633 females age 16-49: 146,243 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 6,590 female: 6,475 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF): Ground Force (includes Air Defense), Naval Force, Air Force, National Guard

Military expenditures

4.5% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 19

Military service age and obligation

17 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2010)

Age structure

0-14 years: 25.9% (male 95,258/female 93,256) 15-64 years: 70.1% (male 293,340/female 217,815) 65 years and over: 4% (male 15,274/female 13,766) (2010 est.)

Birth rate

16.81 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 120

Death rate

4.37 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 204

Education expenditures

2.9% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 149

Ethnic groups

Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2001 est.) country comparison to the world: 110

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 200 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 126

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

fewer than 600 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 145

Infant mortality rate

total: 14.76 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 126 male: 17.01 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Languages

Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 75.4 years country comparison to the world: 84 male: 72.87 years female: 78.01 years (2010 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 86.5% male: 88.6% female: 83.6% (2001 census)

Median age

total: 30.4 years male: 33.5 years female: 27.1 years (2010 est.)

Nationality

noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: Bahraini

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 72

Population

738,004 country comparison to the world: 163 note: includes 235,108 non-nationals (July 2010 est.)

Population growth rate

1.243% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 100

Religions

Muslim (Shia and Sunni) 81.2%, Christian 9%, other 9.8% (2001 census)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2006)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.33 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.13 male(s)/female total population: 1.24 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.47 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 90

Urbanization

urban population: 89% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 1.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Disputes - international

none

Airports

4 (2010) country comparison to the world: 183

Airports - with paved runways

total: 4 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2010)

Heliports

1 (2010)

Merchant marine

total: 7 country comparison to the world: 126 by type: bulk carrier 2, container 4, petroleum tanker 1 foreign-owned: 5 (Kuwait 5) registered in other countries: 6 (Honduras 5, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1) (2010)

Pipelines

gas 20 km; oil 32 km (2009)

Ports and terminals

Mina' Salman, Sitrah

Roadways

total: 3,851 km country comparison to the world: 158 paved: 3,121 km unpaved: 730 km (2007)