Albania

Broadcast media

3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010)

Internet country code

.al

Internet hosts

15,528 (2012) country comparison to the world: 124

Internet users

1.3 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 91

Telephone system

general assessment: despite new investment in fixed lines teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective domestic: offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011 multiple companies were providing mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005 but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital international: country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

338,800 (2011) country comparison to the world: 111

Telephones - mobile cellular

3.1 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 127

Agriculture - products

wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy products; sheep

Budget

revenues: $3.262 billion expenditures: $3.669 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.3% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Central bank discount rate

5% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 67 5.25% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

13.2% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 67 12.43% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

-$1.45 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 126 -$1.695 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$5.281 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 113 $5.188 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

34.5 (2008) country comparison to the world: 87 26.7 (2005)

Economy - overview

Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is making the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. Macroeconomic growth averaged around 6% between 2004-08, but declined to about 3% in 2009-11, and 0.5% in 2012. Inflation is low and stable. The government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment. Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 8% of GDP in 2010, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages because of a reliance on hydropower - 98% of the electrical power produced in Albania - and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment needed to expand the country's export base. FDI is among the lowest in the region, but the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The completion of a new thermal power plant near Vlore has helped diversify generation capacity, and plans to upgrade transmission lines between Albania and Montenegro and Kosovo would help relieve the energy shortages. Also, with help from EU funds, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. The country will continue to face challenges from increasing public debt, having slightly exceeded its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2012. Strong trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of the global financial crisis.

Exchange rates

leke (ALL) per US dollar - 103.3 (2012 est.) 100.9 (2011 est.) 103.94 (2010 est.) 94.98 (2009) 79.546 (2008)

Exports

$2.121 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 142 $1.954 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Exports - partners

Italy 45.3%, China 7.8%, Turkey 6.3%, Greece 5.2%, Spain 5.1%, India 4.6% (2011)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate)

$12.39 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$25.86 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 121 $25.73 billion (2011 est.) $24.98 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars Albania has an informal, and unreported, sector that may be as large as 50% of official GDP

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 20.4% industry: 19.1% services: 60.5% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$8,000 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 128 $7,800 (2011 est.) $7,500 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

0.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 176 3% (2011 est.) 3.5% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 29% (2008)

Imports

$5.219 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 127 $5.076 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals

Imports - partners

Italy 33%, Greece 12.2%, China 5.9%, Turkey 5.6%, Germany 4.3% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

3% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 3.5% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

25.8% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 42

Labor force

1.071 million (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 47.8% industry: 23% services: 29.2% (September 2010 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

12.5% (2008 est.)

Public debt

60.6% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 47 58.9% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$2.35 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 $2.473 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$9.951 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 108 $9.426 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$8.587 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 107 $8.408 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$2.677 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 119 $2.575 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

26.3% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 118

Unemployment rate

13% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 134 13.3% (2011 est.) note: these are official rates, but actual rates may exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence farming

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

4.893 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Crude oil - exports

6,920 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Crude oil - production

15,520 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 77

Crude oil - proved reserves

199.1 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 62

Electricity - consumption

4.521 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 119

Electricity - exports

1.906 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Electricity - from fossil fuels

9.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 196

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

90.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 12

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 39

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

Electricity - imports

1.005 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 60

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.61 million kW (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 110

Electricity - production

5.209 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 116

Natural gas - consumption

30 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 112

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Natural gas - production

30 million cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Natural gas - proved reserves

849.5 million cu m (1 January 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 102

Refined petroleum products - consumption

38,390 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 111

Refined petroleum products - exports

915 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 112

Refined petroleum products - imports

24,610 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 94

Refined petroleum products - production

6,377 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 108

Area

total: 28,748 sq km country comparison to the world: 145 land: 27,398 sq km water: 1,350 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter

Coastline

362 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 1.71 cu km/yr (27%/11%/62%) per capita: 546 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

41 00 N, 20 00 E

Geography - note

strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)

Irrigated land

3,650 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 717 km border countries: Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km

Land use

arable land: 20.1% permanent crops: 4.21% other: 75.69% (2005)

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece in the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower

Terrain

mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast

Total renewable water resources

41.7 cu km (2001)

Administrative divisions

12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder, Tirane, Vlore

Capital

name: Tirana (Tirane) geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 19 49 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Constitution

approved by parliament 21 October 1998; adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Albania conventional short form: Albania local long form: Republika e Shqiperise local short form: Shqiperia former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander ARVIZU embassy: Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana mailing address: US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510 telephone: [355] (4) 2247285 FAX: [355] (4) 2232222

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Gilbert GALANXHI chancery: S1312 18th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942 FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch

chief of state: President of the Republic Bujar NISHANI (since 24 July 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by parliament (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by three-fifths the Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); four election rounds held between 30 May and 11 June 2012 (next election to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the party or coalition of parties that has the majority of seats in the Assembly election results: Bujar NISHANI elected president on fourth round of voting; Assembly vote (for first three rounds three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required; fourth round, a simple majority of votes is required): Bujar NISHANI 73 votes; note - NISHANI took office 24 July 2012

Flag description

red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBEG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-78); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle"

Government type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EITI (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Constitutional Court consists of 9 members appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly who serve 9-year terms (chairman is elected by the People's Assembly for a four-year term); the High Court members appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly for a 9-year term; note - there are also courts of appeal and courts of first instance

Legal system

civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the "Code of Leke" prevails

Legislative branch

unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 deputies; 100 deputies elected directly in single member electoral zones with an approximate number of voters; 40 deputies elected from multi-name lists of parties or party coalitions according to their respective order; elected for a 4-year term) elections: last held on 28 June 2009 (next to be held on 23 June 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PD 68, PS 65, LSI 4, other 3

National anthem

name: "Hymni i Flamurit" (Hymn to the Flag) lyrics/music: Aleksander Stavre DRENOVA/Ciprian PORUMBESCU note: adopted 1912

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 November (1912) also known as Flag Day

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; New Democracy Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; New Democratic Spirit or FRD [Bamir TOPI]; Party for Justice and Integration or PDI [Shpetim IDRIZ]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskel MILO]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Red and Black Alliance [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA]; Omonia [Vasil BOLLANO]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Background

Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic Communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, a dilapidated physical infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, there have been claims of electoral fraud in every one of Albania's post-Communist elections. The 2009 general elections resulted in a coalition government, the first such in the country's history. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and is a potential candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure.

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 731,111 females age 16-49: 780,216 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 622,379 females age 16-49: 660,715 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 31,986 female: 29,533 (2010 est.)

Military branches

Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command, Training and Doctrine Command (2012)

Military expenditures

1.49% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 99

Military service age and obligation

19 years of age (2004)

Age structure

0-14 years: 20.6% (male 325,922/ female 292,252) 15-64 years: 68.8% (male 1,009,217/ female 1,055,824) 65 years and over: 10.6% (male 150,901/ female 168,743) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

12.38 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 158

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

6.6% (2005) country comparison to the world: 75

Death rate

6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.) note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Health expenditures

6.9% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 84

Hospital bed density

2.92 beds/1,000 population (2007)

Infant mortality rate

total: 14.12 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 123 male: 15.7 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Languages

Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 77.59 years country comparison to the world: 62 male: 74.99 years female: 80.49 years (2012 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 9 and over can read and write total population: 98.7% male: 99.2% female: 98.3% (2001 census)

Major cities - population

TIRANA (capital) 433,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 127

Median age

total: 30.9 years male: 29.6 years female: 32.1 years (2012 est.)

Nationality

noun: Albanian(s) adjective: Albanian

Net migration rate

-3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 180

Physicians density

1.146 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Population

3,002,859 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 137

Population growth rate

0.28% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 168

Religions

Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% note: percentages are estimates; there are no available current statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 98% of population rural: 98% of population total: 98% of population unimproved: urban: 2% of population rural: 2% of population total: 2% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years male: 11 years female: 11 years (2004)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.11 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.12 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.48 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 191

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 35.5% country comparison to the world: 10 male: 41.6% female: 27.1% (2001)

Urbanization

urban population: 52% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Disputes - international

none

Illicit drugs

increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

Airports

5 (2012) country comparison to the world: 182

Airports - with paved runways

total: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2012)

Heliports

1 (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 17 country comparison to the world: 99 by type: cargo 16, roll on/roll off 1 foreign-owned: 1 (Turkey 1) registered in other countries: 5 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Panama 4) (2010)

Pipelines

gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

Railways

total: 339 km country comparison to the world: 117 standard gauge: 339 km 1.435-m gauge (2009)

Roadways

total: 18,000 km country comparison to the world: 115 paved: 7,020 km unpaved: 10,980 km (2002)

Waterways

41 km (on the Bojana River) (2011) country comparison to the world: 104